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muscle fiber
long slender skeletal muscle cells
myofibril
the elongated contractile protein filaments found in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells.
striations
alternate dark and light bands observed in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, attributable to the presence and alignment of repeating sarcomere units along myofibrils
muscle fascicle
a bundle of muscle fibers
sarcolemma
muscle cell membrane
transverse tubule
Membranous channel that extends inward from a muscle fiber membrane
sarcoplasm
cytoplasm of a muscle cell
sarcoplasmic reticulum
specialized endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells, stores calcium
terminal cisternae
enlarged areas of the sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounding the transverse tubules.
sarcomere
contractile unit of a myofibril
Z-disc
provides anchorage for thin filaments of a sarcomere, forms the boundary between adjacent sarcomeres
M-line
middle of sarcomere, where myosin thick filaments are anchored/centered
A-band
area that spans the full length thick (myosin) filaments and includes overlapping thin actin filaments
I-band of sarcomere
region of repeating sarcomeres of a myofibril that contains only thin actin (actin)filaments
H-zone of sarcomere
Middle region of sarcomere that contains only thick filaments
sarcomere thin filament
thin strands of actin and its troponin-tropomyosin complex projecting from the Z-discs toward the center of the sarcomere
thick filament
In skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue, a filament composed of bundles of myosin molecules.
tropomyosin
covers over myosin binding sites on sarcomere thin filaments in a regulated fashion
troponin
A calcium-binding protein of muscle that regulates tropomyosin's interation with thin filaments
open circulatory system
system in which blood is not always contained within a network of blood vessels; hemolymph bathes the tissues and organs directly and there is no distinction between the circulating fluid and the interstitial fluid.
closed circulatory system
A circulatory system in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid.
single circulatory system
Blood passes through the heart once only in a complete circuit of the body e.g. in a fish
Double circulatory system
the circulation circuit of blood from the heart to the lungs is separate from the circulation of blood from the heart to the rest of the body
neurogenic heart
A heart that will not beat unless it receives regular electrical impulses from the nervous system
myogenic heart
A type of heart, such as in vertebrate animals, in which heart beats are initiated by specialized muscle cells located within the heart itself.
intercalated discs
specialized connections between cardiac muscle cells containing gap junctions, allowing electrical conduction
sinoatrial node
pacemaker of the heart
atrioventricular valve
either of two one-way heart valves through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles
atrioventricular node
A specialized mass of conducting cells located in the area between the right atrium and ventricle of the heart.; delays conduction from atria to ventricle region
atrial systole
contraction of the atria
atrial diastole
relaxation of the atria
ventricular systole
contraction of ventricles
ventricular diastole
relaxation of the ventricles
semilunar valve
a valve located at each exit of the heart, where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle
aortic valve
The semilunar valve separating the aorta from the left ventricle that prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle.
pulmonary valve
valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery that prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle
plasma
Fluid portion of blood
erythrocyte
red blood cell, contains hemoglobin for oxygen transport
leukocyte
white blood cell, plays a role in immune function
platelet
thrombocyte- a cell fragment that helps blood clot
artery
A thick walled blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
arteriole
branches of arteries that have endothelia lined with thin layer of smooth muscle
capillary
A tiny blood vessel where substances are exchanged between the blood and the body cells.
venule
small vein with endothelium and thin connective tissue sheath
vein
A large blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart.
pulmonary respiration
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lung gas exchange circuit and capillaries
internal respiration
exchange of gases between the blood and the tissues of the body (other than the lungs)
external gills
Highly branched and folded outer extensions of the body surface that provide a large surface area for gas exchange with water
internal gills
Structures enclosed in protective body cavities that provide a large surface area for gas exchange with water; typical of mollusks, arthropods, and fishes.
tracheae (insects)
tubes leading from the spiracle openings to the tracheoles that are part of the gaseous exchange system.