Bio Quiz 5

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50 Terms

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muscle fiber

long slender skeletal muscle cells

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myofibril

the elongated contractile protein filaments found in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells.

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striations

alternate dark and light bands observed in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, attributable to the presence and alignment of repeating sarcomere units along myofibrils

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muscle fascicle

a bundle of muscle fibers

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sarcolemma

muscle cell membrane

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transverse tubule

Membranous channel that extends inward from a muscle fiber membrane

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sarcoplasm

cytoplasm of a muscle cell

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sarcoplasmic reticulum

specialized endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells, stores calcium

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terminal cisternae

enlarged areas of the sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounding the transverse tubules.

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sarcomere

contractile unit of a myofibril

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Z-disc

provides anchorage for thin filaments of a sarcomere, forms the boundary between adjacent sarcomeres

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M-line

middle of sarcomere, where myosin thick filaments are anchored/centered

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A-band

area that spans the full length thick (myosin) filaments and includes overlapping thin actin filaments

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I-band of sarcomere

region of repeating sarcomeres of a myofibril that contains only thin actin (actin)filaments

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H-zone of sarcomere

Middle region of sarcomere that contains only thick filaments

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sarcomere thin filament

thin strands of actin and its troponin-tropomyosin complex projecting from the Z-discs toward the center of the sarcomere

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thick filament

In skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue, a filament composed of bundles of myosin molecules.

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tropomyosin

covers over myosin binding sites on sarcomere thin filaments in a regulated fashion

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troponin

A calcium-binding protein of muscle that regulates tropomyosin's interation with thin filaments

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open circulatory system

system in which blood is not always contained within a network of blood vessels; hemolymph bathes the tissues and organs directly and there is no distinction between the circulating fluid and the interstitial fluid.

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closed circulatory system

A circulatory system in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid.

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single circulatory system

Blood passes through the heart once only in a complete circuit of the body e.g. in a fish

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Double circulatory system

the circulation circuit of blood from the heart to the lungs is separate from the circulation of blood from the heart to the rest of the body

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neurogenic heart

A heart that will not beat unless it receives regular electrical impulses from the nervous system

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myogenic heart

A type of heart, such as in vertebrate animals, in which heart beats are initiated by specialized muscle cells located within the heart itself.

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intercalated discs

specialized connections between cardiac muscle cells containing gap junctions, allowing electrical conduction

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sinoatrial node

pacemaker of the heart

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atrioventricular valve

either of two one-way heart valves through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles

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atrioventricular node

A specialized mass of conducting cells located in the area between the right atrium and ventricle of the heart.; delays conduction from atria to ventricle region

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atrial systole

contraction of the atria

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atrial diastole

relaxation of the atria

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ventricular systole

contraction of ventricles

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ventricular diastole

relaxation of the ventricles

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semilunar valve

a valve located at each exit of the heart, where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle

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aortic valve

The semilunar valve separating the aorta from the left ventricle that prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle.

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pulmonary valve

valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery that prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle

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plasma

Fluid portion of blood

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erythrocyte

red blood cell, contains hemoglobin for oxygen transport

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leukocyte

white blood cell, plays a role in immune function

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platelet

thrombocyte- a cell fragment that helps blood clot

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artery

A thick walled blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

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arteriole

branches of arteries that have endothelia lined with thin layer of smooth muscle

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capillary

A tiny blood vessel where substances are exchanged between the blood and the body cells.

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venule

small vein with endothelium and thin connective tissue sheath

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vein

A large blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart.

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pulmonary respiration

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lung gas exchange circuit and capillaries

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internal respiration

exchange of gases between the blood and the tissues of the body (other than the lungs)

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external gills

Highly branched and folded outer extensions of the body surface that provide a large surface area for gas exchange with water

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internal gills

Structures enclosed in protective body cavities that provide a large surface area for gas exchange with water; typical of mollusks, arthropods, and fishes.

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tracheae (insects)

tubes leading from the spiracle openings to the tracheoles that are part of the gaseous exchange system.