it frickin Natural history NICEA

the big one

Tracheal rings are made of?

Hyaline cartilage

Alveoli are surrounded by?

pulmonary capillaries

What do pulmonary capillaries do?

Perform gas exchange (CO2 and O2)

Where is the respiratory center in the brain?

Medulla Oblongata

“Quiet breathing”

Subconsious, Normal breathing, inspiratory area of respiratory center

“Forceful breathing”

Sometimes conscious, louder, intense breathing, expiratory area of respiratory center

Teeth types

incisors, canines, molars

Teeth composition

Enamel, dentin, cementum, pulp (in pulp cavity), periodontal ligament

Primary chemical of tooth composition

Hydroxyapatite

What do salivary glands secrete?

saliva with salivary amylase

What does salivary amylase do?

Digests starch into maltose

GI tract layers

mucosa, submuscosa, muscularis, serosa

Bolus

chewed ball of food

Wave of smooth muscle contraction that moves food down esophagus

peristalsis

Entrance to the stomach

cardiac sphincter

Gastric glands produce?

gastric juice

Two cells types in gastric glands

Chief cells and parietal cells

Chief cells produce?

Pepsinogen

Parietal cells produce?

HCL

What do Pepsinogen and HCL do?

HCL turns Pepsinogen into Pepsin

Partially digested food

Chyme

Exit of stomach

Pyloric sphincter

Gall bladder function

Stores bile (from liver)

What chemical stimulates gall bladder to release bile?

Cholecystokinin

Entry for bile into duodendum

common duct

Bile duct merges with?

Pancreatic duct

Liver functions

1. Produces bile

2. Produces plasma proteins

3. Phagocytizes bacteria

4. Converts glucose and glycogen

5. Convert excess amino acids to fatty acids

6. Detox ingested substances

7. Metabolize protein, fat, and carbs

8. Store iron and vitamins

Sections of small intestine

Duodenum - 9 inches

Jejunum - 6 feet

Ileum - 11 feet

Describe surface area of small intestine

Maximized: circular folds, villi, microvilli, and brush border

Monosaccharides and amino acids in small intestine

absorbed and transported to capillary bed in the villus

Monoglycerides and fatty acids in small intestine

absorbed into epithelium, converted to triglycerides, transported to lymphatic system

Entrance to large intestine

illeocecal valve

Transistion from small intestine to large

cecum

Portions of large intestine

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

What does the large intestine absorb?

Water, vitamins K and B

Two anal sphincters

internal anal sphincter (invol.) and external anal sphincter (vol.)

How many nepherons per kidney

1 million

(Nephron) Capillary water ballon

Glomerulus

(Nephron) Bucket

Bowmans capsule

(Nephron) first tube

Proximal convoluted tubule

(Nephron) second tube

Loop of Henle

(Nephron) last tube

distal convoluted tubule

(Nephron) nuterient reabsorbers

Peritubular capillaries

How many gallons of filtrate do kidneys process a day?

45 gal / day

Filtrate color comes from?

urochrome and urobilin (liver)

Filtrate from all the Nephrons collects in?

renal pelvis

pee tube

ureter

Urethra sphincters

Internal urethral sphincter (invol.) and external urethral sphincter vol.)

Bladder squeeze muscle

detrusor muscle

Water regulation hormones

ADH and Aldosterone

Sperm makin’ tubes

seminiferous tubules

Sperm bank

epididymus

Makes the jizz juice

seminal vesicle

(male) Milky secretor

prostate gland

(male) Lubricator (its precum guys) and acid neutralizer

bulbourethral gland

Stuff in jizz juice

fructose, prostaglandins, clotting proteins

Stuff in milky stuff

citric acid and protein digesting enzymes

Full chromosome count

46 - diploid

Half chromosome count

23 - haploid

1 spermatocyte makes…?

4 sperm

Sperm head

acrosome (digests), nucleus (chromosomes)

Sperm flagellum

mid piece, principal piece, end piece

Prefertilized egg name

oogonium

What does the oocyte spit out in meiosis

polar bodies (do nothing)

At what state does the egg break free

secondary oocyte (1 meiosis)

What happens to the egg follicle

turns into corpus luteum

Path of sperm though egg

corona radiata, zona pellucida, plasma membrane, cytoplasm

(baby) Small duplicating ball of cells

zygote

(baby) Hollow ball

Blastocyst

(baby) Hollow ball with a lil lump

Trophoblast

(baby) lump in trophoblast

inner cell mass

(baby) feeds baby before umbilical cord

yolk sac

(baby) inner cell mass’ first feature

primative streak

(baby) derm layers

Ectoderm (skin, nervous system), mesoderm (bones, muscles, blood), endoderm (gut lining)

(baby) early vertebrae

Notochord

(baby) empty space surrounding amniotic cavity

chorionic cavity