Kant's Moral Philosophy and Justice Theory

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering key concepts from Kant's moral philosophy and justice theory, including the categorical imperative, goodwill, and Rawls's principles of justice.

Categorical Imperative

A fundamental moral principle in Kant's theory, which dictates that actions must be universally applicable without leading to contradictions.

Goodwill

The intention to will the moral law for its own sake, which signifies the moral worth of an action according to Kant.

Natural Duties

Obligations that bind individuals in the state of nature, serving as the foundation for morality.

Veil of Ignorance

A thought experiment by Rawls where individuals determine principles of justice without knowledge of their social status or personal characteristics.

Difference Principle

Rawls's principle that social and economic inequalities should be arranged to benefit the least advantaged members of society.

Justice as Fairness

Rawls's conception of justice that prioritizes equitable distribution of resources and rights, ensuring fairness for all individuals.

Maxim

The subjective principle or rule that guides an individual's actions, central to the evaluation of moral decisions.

Universalizability

The characteristic of a moral principle that allows it to be applied universally without contradiction.

Deontological Ethics

An ethical framework that prioritizes duty and rules over the consequences of actions, as represented by Kant's philosophy.

Primary Social Goods

The basic rights and resources that are essential for individuals to pursue their conception of the good life in a just society.

Legitimate Expectations

The entitlements individuals may have based on just social institutions and principles of justice.

Utilitarianism

An ethical theory that suggests that the moral worth of actions is determined by their outcomes, specifically their contribution to overall happiness.

Moral Dessert

The idea that individuals receive rewards or compensation based on their efforts or contributions; however, Rawls critiques this concept.

Equality of Opportunity

A principle stating that all individuals should have equal chances to succeed without discrimination or social barriers.

Natural Liberty

The concept that individuals should be free to pursue their own interests and make choices that affect their lives, as long as they do not infringe on the freedom of others.

Socioeconomic Inequality

The disparities in wealth and resources among different groups within society, often challenging the principles of justice.