Test 3

CH 8-10

appendicular skeleton

Pectoral girdle, upper extremity, pelvic girdle, and lower extremity

axial skeleton

Skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum, and hyoid

270 bones

number of bones at birth

pectoral girdle

Consists of two bones on each side of the body: clavicle and scapula

Sternoclavicular joint

medial joint between clavicle and scapula

Acromioclavicular joint

lateral joint between clavicle and scapula

purpose of the clavicle

• Braces shoulder, keeps arm away from midline
• Resists medial and anterior movement

acromion

Articulates with clavicle to form the sole point of attachment of scapula and upper limb to the rest of the skeleton

coracoid process

shaped like a bent finger
• Provides attachment for tendons of biceps brachii and other arm muscles

glenoid cavity

shallow socket that articulates with the head of the
humerus
• Helps form glenohumeral joint

brachium

arm proper: extends from shoulder to elbow
• Only one bone-humerus

antebrachium

forearm: extends from elbow to wrist
• Radius and ulna

proximal end of humerus

• Head articulates with the glenoid cavity of scapula
• Anatomical neck
• Greater and lesser tubercles
• Deltoid tuberosity
• Intertubercular sulcus holds biceps tendon
• Surgical neck

Interosseous membrane

What is between the radius and ulna?

purpose of carpal bones

• Form wrist
• Flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

middle phalanx

what is the thumb lacking?

ox coxae

hip bone

ilium

Which bone houses the greater sciatic notch contains the sciatic nerve?

ischium

Which bears the body’s weight and is the site of sacral ligamentous attachment?

pubis

Where is the pubic symphysis?

acetabulum

What is the hip socket called?

obturator foreman

large hole below acetabulum

men pelvic area

heavier and thicker pelvis

femur

Which is the longest bone in the body?

femur

Which is the strongest bone of the body?

patella

Which is a triangular bone and has a gliding joint?

yes

Is the patella cartilaginous at birth or not?

tibia

Which is the weight bearing bone: Tibia or fibula?

fibula

Which helps stabilize the ankle? Tibia or fibula

due to the load bearing role of the ankle

Why are tarsal bones arranged and shaped differently then the carpal bones?

talus

Which is the most superior tarsal bones?

calcaneous

Which bone forms the heel?

base, shaft, and head

How does the big toe differ from all the other toes?

22 bones

How many bones are joined together by sutures in the skull?

8 bones

How many bones have direct contact with the meninges of the brain?

Frontal, occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid, parietal, temporal

What bones have direct contact with the meninges of the brain?

14 bones

How many bones have no direct contact with the brain or meninges?

foramina

What is a hole that allows passage for nerves and blood vessels in the skull called?

Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary

What are the names of the paranasal sinuses called?

maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid

What bones have sinus cavities?

anterior, middle, and posterior fossa

What are the three basins that comprise the cranial floor?

fontanels

What are the spaces between unfused bones called?

shifting of bones during birth and growth of brain

What do the spaces between unfused bones allow for while growing?

8

How many cranial bones are there?

frontal bone

parietal bone

temporal bone

occipital bone

sphenoid bone

ethmoid bone

maxillary bone

palatine bone

zygomatic bone

lacrimal bone

nasal bones

vomer

mandible

only movable bone

hyoid bone

• Slender U-shaped bone between chin and larynx
• Does not articulate with any other bone
• Suspended from styloid process of skull
• Fractured hyoid bone is evidence of strangulation

carotid canal

Passage for internal carotid artery supplying the brain

jugular foramen

• Between temporal and occipital bones
• Passageway for drainage of blood via internal jugular vein

33 vertebrae

How many vertebrae total?

vertebral groups

• 7 cervical in the neck
• 12 thoracic in the chest
• 5 lumbar in lower back
• 5 fused sacral
• 4 fused coccygeal

functions of spine

• Supports skull and trunk and allows for their movement
• Protects spinal cord
• Absorbs stresses of movements
• Provides attachments for limbs, thoracic cage, and postural muscles

intervertebral discs

What are between each intervertebral disc?

primary curvature

Spine exhibits one continuous C-shaped curve

4 curvatures

How many curvatures does the S-shaped vertebral column have?

after birth

When dose secondary curvature develop?

Scoliosis

lack of proper development of one vertebrae

kyphosis

from osteoporosis

lordosis

from weak abdominal muscles, pregnancy, or obesity

intervertebral disc

absorb shock

Nucleus pulposus

soft, gelatinous central portion of the intervertebral disk that moves within the disk with changes in posture

Anulus fibrosus

tough circular exterior of the intervertebral disc that surrounds the soft inner core, the nucleus pulposus

Notches between adjacent vertebrae

What are the intervertebral foramen?

C1 purpose

supports the skull
• Yes movement

C2 purpose

No head motion

thoracic vertebrae

Which vertebrae have rib attachments?

costal facets

What are vertebrae rib attachments called?

26

When does the Sacrum fuse?

30

When does the coccyx fuse?

True ribs

(1 to 7) attach to sternum with hyaline cartilage

false ribs

8-12

floating ribs

11 and 12 are floating and not attached to sternum

sternum

(breastbone)—bony plate anterior to the heart

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

What three regions is the sternum divided into?

xiphoid

What part of the sternum is dangerous if fractured during CPR?

adaptions for bipedalism

• Strong, springy foot arches
• Great toe not opposable
• Femurs angle inward so knees are closer together—erect posture requires less muscular effort
• Viscera supported in bowl-shaped pelvis
• Insertions of gluteal muscles differ from other primates

arthrology

science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction

kinesiology

study of musculoskeletal movement

Joint

(articulation): any point where two bones meet

4 major joint categories

• Bony joints
• Fibrous joints
• Cartilaginous joints
• Synovial joints

bony joint/ syntosis

What is an immovable joint, formed between two bones when they ossify and become a single bone?

Fibrous joint

Adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone and penetrate into the other

3

how many types of fibrous joints are there?

sutures

The immobile or slightly mobile fibrous joints in which short collagen fibers bind the bones of the skull to each other are known as:

Serrate

interlocking wavy lines
• Coronal, sagittal, and lamboid

squamous

(lap) overlapping beveled edges
• Temporal and parietal bones

plane

(butt) straight, non-overlapping edges
• Palatine processes of the maxillae

gomphoses

What type of joint is found attaching teeth to their sockets?

fibrous periodontal ligament

Gomphoses are held in place by a ligament called what?