Exam 4 Study Guide

This set of flashcards covers key concepts from the exam study guide, including muscle anatomy, nervous system structure, and functions.

Muscles attach to bones via and cross at least one to produce movement.

tendons; joint

The origin of a muscle is its attachment point, while the insertion is the attachment that moves toward the origin.

fixed; movable

A lever system in the body consists of a (lever), a joint (), muscle contraction (effort), and __ (resistance).

bone; fulcrum; load

First-class levers have the between effort and load, second-class levers have the load the fulcrum and effort, and third-class levers have the effort __ the fulcrum and load.

fulcrum; between; between

The major characteristics used to name muscles include location, shape, size, direction of fibers, number of origins, __, and action.

attachments

Based on its name, one can often determine a muscle's __, __, __, number of origins, and function.

location; shape; size

The quadriceps group consists of the __, __, __, and __.

Rectus femoris; vastus medialis; vastus lateralis; vastus intermedius

The hamstrings group comprises the __, __, and __.

Biceps femoris; semitendinosus; semimembranosus

The rotator cuff muscles include the __, __, __, and __.

Supraspinatus; infraspinatus; teres minor; subscapularis

The main functions of the nervous system are input, integration, and output.

sensory; motor

The divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are (fight or flight), (rest and digest), and __ (GI regulation).

sympathetic; parasympathetic; enteric

Neural circuits can be classified as __, __, __, and __ after-discharge.

diverging; converging; reverberating; parallel

Neural plasticity refers to the nervous system's ability to __, adapt, and __ itself.

change; reorganize

The types of nervous tissue include and (support cells).

neurons; neuroglia

EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential) causes __, while IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential) causes __.

depolarization; hyperpolarization

The myelin sheath serves to axons to increase the speed of nerve impulse .

insulate; transmission

Nodes of Ranvier are gaps between myelin sheaths where flow during conduction.

ions; saltatory

Spinal nerves consist of pairs of mixed nerves that connect the spinal cord to specific body .

31; regions

The parts of a reflex arc include the __, sensory neuron, __ center, motor neuron, and effector.

receptor; integration

Homeostatic imbalances that affect the nervous system include __, Alzheimer's disease, and __ disease.

multiple sclerosis; Parkinson's

The three meninges are mater (outer), mater (middle), and __ mater (inner).

Dura; arachnoid; pia

A dermatome is a specific area of skin innervated by a single __ nerve.

spinal

The order of connective tissue coverings in a nerve is (outer), (middle), and __ (inner).

epineurium; perineurium; endoneurium

The major nerves discussed in class include __, sciatic, __, and the brachial plexus nerves.

phrenic; femoral

The main divisions of the PNS are (afferent) and (efferent).

sensory; motor

The motor division includes both and systems.

somatic; autonomic