Pages 15-16 (style notes)

Extemplo (immediately)

Adverb and emphatic placement to add emphasis to Aeneas’ initial reaction as it is sudden and severe

Solvuntur (loosen), ingemit (groan), refert (repeat)

Tricolon of verbs that relate to Aeneas, highlighting his reaction and what is happening to him. An atmosphere of fear is created as the first two are linked to terror

Solvuntur frigore membra (limbs were loosened with an icy terror)

Metaphorical description used for vividity of the scene to illustrate Aeneas’ fear

Ad sidera (to the stars)

Hyperbole exaggerates his begging position by suggesting that he is reaching out towards the stars to get help

‘O terque’ (o thrice)

The direct speech here of Aeneas thinking aloud illustrates his immediate reaction of fear and some jealousy

O terque (o thrice), O Tydide (o son of Tydeus)

Repeated exclamations are dramatic, artificial and over the top language which attracts the attention of the reader - it is slightly humorous as it is not a natural way of speaking

Terque quaterque (thrice and four times)

Hyperbole adds emphasis to how blessed Aeneas believes that other people are, illustrating his frustration, sadness and fear to create drama and invoke some sympathy in the reader

Ante ora patrum (before the faces of their fathers)

Creating pathos and is a hyperbole as it suggests that soldiers literally died in front of their parents, as well as emphasising is own unluckiness with the contrast of a tragic death

Ante ora patrum Troiae sub moenibus (before the faces of their fathers beneath the lofty walls of Troy)

Chiasmus with A being an ablative and preposition and B being a genitive. The outside of the Chiasmus gives the location while the inside tells the reader who owns the things. It is used to emphasise the seriousness of the situation and the tragic nature of their deaths

Fortissime (bravest)

Superlative to describe Diomedes. It falsely claims facts about strength and there is a contrast to show Aeneas’ good fighting skills as he is still alive despite facing Diomedes in battle, who is supposed to be such a good warrior (this presents Aeneas as egotistical)

Tydide (son of Tydeus), Aeacidae (descendant of Aeacus)

Using patronymics shows respect for the soldiers - however, These both reference Greek soldiers, whereas Aeneas is Trojan, so perhaps Virgil is using the patronymic to show fear that he doesn’t include their names rather than as a sign of respect

Iliacis … campis (plains of Troy)

Enclosing word order to emphasise the size of the plains and spreading out the possibility of Aeneas’ death to highlight that he wishes that he had died there instead of a shipwreck

Tuaque animam hanc effundere dextra (to think i was not able to pour out this life beneath your right hand)

Chiasmus with A being Diomedes’ hands that Aeneas might had been killed by, and B is Aeneas’ life to reflect his survival yet his potential death by the greek fighter and therefore their subsequent connection to one another. It is used to emphasise that Diomedes had Aeneas’ life in his hands, yet Aeneas didn’t die to highlight his superiority

Animam hanc effundere (pour out this life)

Metaphor making death seem poetic and referencing his blood pouring out of his body

Saevus … Hector (fierce Hector)

Enclosing word order emphasising how savage, brutal, powerful and great of a fighter Hector is to highlight his heroism as he takes up so much of the line. It conversely doesn’t emphasise Achilles’ power (despite killing him), but Virgil chooses to remember Hector as he seems more powerful

Fortia corpora (brave bodies)

Pathos emphasising how many people died during the Trojan War and highlighting that he won’t be buried or reach the Underworld since they are swept out to sea

Scuta (shield), galeas (helmets), corpora (bodies)

Tricolon of things lost in the river which is sad as the brave heroes are being lost and washed away - although the shields and helmets are meant to protect them, they ultimately fail, adding pathos to their deaths. It also emphasises the tragedy of Aeneas’ situation as he believes that this is a better death than in a shipwreck, sp makes the reader feel sorry for him

Correpta (having seized)

Personification of the river, adding to the sense of pathos as the river purposefully takes other people’s possessions, highlighting that nature is more powerful than humans