Topic 8 and mitosis

Single celled organism example

Amoeba

How does amoeba get oxygen

Dissolved in surrounding water through its plasma membrane by diffusion

hat does the SA:V describe

How close every internal part is to its surface

What does a high SA:V mean

Every part is close to the edges, diffusion happens quickly

What does a low SA:V mean

every part of the organism is quite far from the surface

What is the relationship between SA:V ratio and size

as size increases, the ratio decreases

The larger the organism the ... the ratio

Smaller

What happens to cells that don't get any oxygen

They die

What does inspiration mean?

Inhale

What does expiration mean

Exhale

Intercostal muscles during inhale

Contract

Intercostal muscles during exhale

Relax

Ribcage during inhale

Up and out

Ribcage during exhale

Down and in

Diaphragm during inhale

Contracts and flattens

Diaphragm during exhale

Relaxes and pushes up

Volume in thorax in inhale

Increases

volume in thorax in exhale

Decreases

Pressure in thorax in inhale

Decreases

Pressure in thorax in exhale

Increases

Air forced where during inhale

In the lungs

Air forced where during exhale

To surroundings

Pressure higher in air or thorax in inhale

Thorax

Pressure higher in air or thorax in exhale

Air

5 the bell jar model doesn't account for

Intercostal muscles

Ribcage

Flexible trachea

Lungs are full of alveoli

Diaphragm also pushes up

One thing different about exhaled air than inhaled air

Less oxygen

In respiration, where are gases exchanged between

The alveoli and blood

6 adaptations of alveolus

One cell thick

Large SA

Capillary network

Permeable

Moist

Ventilated

What does a permeable alveoli mean for respiration

Allows diffusion to take place

What does a moist surface in alveoli mean for respiration

Allows gases to dissolve, facilitating diffusion

What does a large surface area of alveolus mean for respiration

More diffusion can happen at once

What does good blood supply of alveoli mean for respiration

Maintains steep concentration gradient

What does a thin lining mean for respiration

Short diffusion distance

What is the function of alveoli

To provide a large SA for gas exchange to occur and pass between the capillaries

How does the one cell thick wall adaption to alveolus and capillary help respiration happen faster

Short diffusion distance

How does a large SA adaption help respiration happen faster

More diffusion at once

How does the capillary network adaption help respiration happen faster

Surrounded by capillaries to maintain a max concentration gradient between capillaries and alveoli

How does the permeable alveoli and capillary help respiration

Allows diffusion to take place

How do the moist alveoli walls help respiration happen faster

It facilitates diffusion

How do the well ventilated alveoli help respiration happen faster

Maintains a max concentration gradient

4 factors that effect rate of diffusion

Distance

Concentration

Surface area

Temperature

How does distance effect the rate of diffusion

because they have less to travel

How does concentration affect the rate of reaction?

Wanting to go down the concentration gradient

How does SA affect the rate of diffusion

More can be diffused at once

How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion

More kinetic energy, travel faster, diffuse faster

What is the definition of respiration

A chemical reaction that breaks down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy

What type of reaction is respiration

Exothermic chemical

5 things the body requires energy for

Growth, movement, protein synthesis, digestion, active transport

Where does respiration take place

mitochondria

Aerobic respiration in plants and animals words

Glucose + oxygen

Aerobic respiration in plants and animals balanced symbol equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2

Anaerobic respiration in animals words

Glucose

Anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast words

Glucose

What does having a steep concentration gradient do

Ensure you don't need to use energy

Breathing definition

The process of moving air into and from lungs

Ventilation definition

The movement of air through passages between the atmosphere and lungs

Gas exchange definition

The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between living things and its environment

Disadvantages of anaerobic respiration in muscle cells: due to the build up of

Lactic acid

following exercise, .... is faster and deeper

Breathing

The extra oxygen is used to break down the .... in the liver

Lactic acid

The .... also stays high to increase rate of blood flow to the liver where the lactic acid is broken down

Heart rate

The build up of lactic acid is also known as ....

Oxygen debt

During strenuous exercise, the .... need a lot of ... to contract, causing movement

Muscles energy

In order to supply the energy for movement in muscles, the cells must do ......

Aerobic respiration

To supply the reactants for ...., .... rate and ... rate increase so that ... from the ... and g... from the ... can be transported in the ... to muscle cells and enter them by ...

Respiration breathing heart oxygen lungs glucose intestines blood diffusion

The ... can then carry away the waste products of .... such as .... .... where it can ... into the ... to be breathed out

Blood, aerobic respiration, carbon dioxide, diffuse, lungs/alveoli

If there is not enough ... available for .... to provide sufficient ... then muscle cells must start to do ... which produced .... and this causes muscles to cramp due to ...

Oxygen, aerobic respiration, energy, anaerobic respiration, lactic acid, oxygen debt

Platelets % in blood

Less than 1%

Platelets structure

cell fragments

Platelets function

blood clotting

Phagocytes % in blood

Less than 1%

Phagocytes structure

Don't produce antibodies

Phagocytes function

Engulf and destroy unwanted microorganisms

Lymphocytes % in blood

Less than 1%

Lymphocytes structure

Rough, bumpy surface to stick to the toxins

Lymphocytes function (4)

Blind pathogens/clump pathogens/release chemical signals/produce and release antibodies

Erythrocytes % in blood

44%

Erythrocytes structure (5)

Haemoglobin

No nucleus

Small and flexible

Biconcave shape

Thin

What does no nucleus in erythrocytes help

More room for haemoglobin

What does small and flexible in erythrocytes help

Fit through narrow capillaries

What does biconcave shape mean for erythrocytes

Max SA for oxygen absorption

What does thin mean for erythrocytes

Short distance for oxygen to diffuse into the middle of the cell

Erythrocytes function

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Plasma % in blood

55%

Plasma structure

straw coloured liquid

Plasma function (5)

Transports dissolved carbon dioxide

Digested food molecules

Urea

Hormones

Distributes heat

2 types of white blood cells

phagocytes and lymphocytes

Function of artery

Carry blood away from the heart

Key structure of artery

Thick, muscular, elastic wall, small lumen

How does artery structure relate to function

Muscular wall withstands blood flowing at high pressures when leaving the heart

Capillary function

Allows diffusion of gases and nutrients from the blood into the surrounding body cells

Capillary key structure

Once cell thick wall

Small lumen

One cell at once

Capillary structure relates to function

Semi permeable membrane wall allows transport of gases and nutrients in and out of blood

Vein function

Carry blood towards the heart

Vein key structure

Thin wall

Large lumen

Valve

Vein structure relates to function

Contains valves to prevent back flow of blood

What type of circulatory system do humans have

Double closed circulatory system

Where does the pulmonary artery go

lungs

Where is the right atrium from

The body

Where does the aorta take blood to

The body