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what is psychology
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
what is cognition
ir related to our thought processes and emotions
how is psychology done
through observation and measurement
5 GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY
observe, describe, explain, predict, control
DO PSYCHOLOGISTS SHARE THE SAME GOALS WITH SCIENTISTS
YES
WHAT KIND OF SCIENCE IS PSYCHOLOGY
social science
WHY IS PSYCHOLOGY A SOCIAL SCIENCE
because it deals with the structure of human society and the nature of individuals
WHY IS PSYCHOLOGY ALSO CONSIDERED AS A REAL SCIENCE
because it answers the questions by applying the steps involved in scientific research (conducting experiments, collecting & analyzing data, and drawing conclusions)
PSYCHOLOGY MAKES USE OF WHAT
research in the form of survey and experiments
PSYCHOLOGY IS AS OLD AS...
HUMAN HISTORY
psychology began with _____ and its roots can be traced back from ______
ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY, ANCIENT GREECE
who: knowledge begins in self-discovery
SOCRATES
who: "know thyself"
SOCRATES
who: human behavior is subject to certain rules and laws
ARISTOTLE
who: learn about yourself through self-examination or introspection
SOCRATES
when: believed that the gods punished people by causing the confusion or madness
ANCIENT GREECE
who: argued during ancient greece times that the confusion or madness are caused by abnormalities in the brain rather than just mere punishment
HIPPOCRATES
when: believed that agitation and confusion were signs of possessions by demons, punishment for sins, or deals made with the devil
THE MIDDLE AGES
WHAT LEAD TO THE BIRTH OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 1800S
MODERN SCIENCE
during the birth of modern science: who looked to the skies in the mid-16th century
COPERNICUS
during the birth of modern science: who wrote about the workings of the human body in the mid-16th century
VERSALIUS
OPENED THE FIRST PSYCHOLOGICAL LABORATORY IN THE WORLD; WHERE DID HE BUILD THIS
WILHELM WUNDT (THE FOUNDER OF STRUCTURALISM); IN LEIPZIG, GERMANY
WILLIAM WUNDT IS THE FATHER OF WHAT
PSYCHOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
WHAT IS STRUCTURALISM ABOUT
THE STUDY OF THE ELEMENTS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
"WHAT WAS IT? WHAT WAS IT MADE OF? WHAT WAS ITS STRUCTURE?"
STRUCTURALISM
WHO FOUNDED STRUCTURALISM
WILHELM WUNDT
HOW MENTAL PROCESSES HELP ORGANISMS TO ADAPT TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT
FUNCTIONALISM
"WHAT WERE THEIR FUNCTIONS?"
FUNCTIONALISM
THE FIRST MODERN PSYCHOLOGY TEXTBOOK
THE PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGGY (1890)
HOW MENTAL PROCESSES HELP ORGANISMS TO ADAPT TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT
FUNCTIONALISM
"WHAT WERE THEIR FUNCTIONS?"
FUNCTIONALISM
WHAT LEAD TO THE BIRTH OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 1800S
MODERN SCIENCE
what is needed when establishing ideas about the human behavior and mental processes
a supporting evidence
believed that it is unscientific to study consciousness and that psychology should not be concerned with it or the mind
John B. Watson and the School of Behaviorism
study should be limited to observable, measurable events
John B. Watson and the School of Behaviorism
what are observable and measurable attributes
behavior
defined psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior
John B. Watson and the School of Behaviorism
when an animal is reinforced (or rewarded) for performing an action, it is more likely to perform that action again in the future
B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement
in Reinforcement, people learn the way _______ do
animals
context influences people's interpretation of information
The Gestalt School
much learning, especially problem solving, is accomplished by insight and not mechanical repetition
The Gestalt School
in the Gestalt School, much learning, especially problem solving, is accomplished by _________ and not ___________
insight, mechanical repetition
emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior
Sigmund Freud and the School of Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud and the School of Psychoanalysis: most of what fills and individual's mind is __________ and consists of conflicting impulses, wishes, and urges
unconscious
perspective: nervous system, glands, hormones, genetic factors
biological
perspective: physical traits, social behavior
evolutionary
perspective: interpretation of mental images, thinking, and language
cognitive
perspective: self-concept
humanistic
perspective: environmental influences, learning, observational learning
psychoanalytic
perspective: effects of learning on behavior
learning
perspective: ethnicity, gender, culture, socioeconomic status
sociocultural
areas of specialization: the largest group
clinical
areas of specialization: deals with adjustment problems
counseling
areas of specialization: treat psychological problems
clinical
areas of specialization: deals with students who have problems that interfere with learning
school
areas of specialization: focus on course planning and instructional methods
educational psychologist
areas of specialization: identify characters or traits
personality psychologist
areas of specialization: concerned with other people's behavior in social situations
social psychologist
areas of specialization: conduct research into basic processes
experimental psychologist
areas of specialization: focus on people in work and business
industrial and organizational psychologist
areas of specialization: focus in ways in which people influence and are influenced by the physical environment
enviromental psychologist
areas of specialization: study the behavior of shoppers to explain and predict behavior
consumer psychologist
Wilhelm Wundt and the School of _____________
Structuralism
_____________________ and the School of Structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt
William James and the School of _____________
Functionalism
_____________________ and the School of Functionalism
William James
_____________________ and the School of Behaviorism
John B. Watson
John B. Watson and the School of _______________________
Behaviorism
_____________________ and Reinforcement
B.F. Skinner
B.F. Skinner and ________________________
Reinforcement
Sigmund Freud and the School of _______________________
Psychoanalysis
_____________________ and the School of Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
