IB Biology - Topic 5: Evolution

name the processes needed for spontaneous life to occur

name the processes needed for spontaneous life to occur

1. non-living synthesis of organic molecules

2. formation of polymers

3. origin of self-replicating molecules

4. packing of molecules into membranes

describe evolution

a change in the allele frequency of a population’s gene pool over successive generations

what evidence does the fossil record provide?

it shows the features of an ancestor for comparison with living descendants and also the changes occurred in features in living organisms

fossil

the preserved remains or traces of any organism from a past geological age

law of fossil succession

the chronological sequence of complexity where characteristics appear to develop

transition fossil

shows the intermediate forms that occurred along the evolutionary pathway of a genus

give an example of a transition fossil

archaeopteryx which links that evolution of dinosaurs to birds

selective breeding

a form of artificial selection when humans intervene in the breeding process to select specific, desired traits

comparative anatomy

may show similar structural features, implying common ancestry

homologous structures

anatomical features similar in basic structure but used in different ways

adaptive radiation

the process where a single ancestral species diversifies into a wide variety of forms

give an example of a homologous structure

pentadactyl limb found in:

1. humans - tool manipulation

2. bird/bat wings - flying

3. fins - swimming

speciation

the evolutionary process by which two related populations diverge into separate species

natural selection

charles darwin’s theory that claims the ones most responsive to change survive

name the 5 processes that natural selection respond to

1. inherited variation

2. competition

3. selection

4. adaptations

5. evolution

easier mnemonic for natural selection!

ICE AGE

Inherited variation

Competition

Environmental pressures

Adaptations

Genotype

Evolution

variation

occurs genetically through:

1. mutations

2. meiosis

3. sexual reproduction

mutation

a gene mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of a section of DNA coding for a specific trait; forms new alleles; can be beneficial, detrimental, or neutral

meiosis

promotes variation in crossing over or independent assortment

competition

struggle for survival as population increases

adaptations

can be structural, behavioral, physiological, biochemical, or developmental

outline the adaptive radiation process

1. ancestral species occupies a new environment or survives a natural disaster

2. different members of the species are exposed to different selection pressures based on the environment

3. new species arise that share common structures adapted to the new environment

explain antibiotic resistance

occurs when bacteria evolve to withstand the effects of antibiotics, making the drugs ineffective in killing them through genetic mutations or acquiring resistance genes from other bacteria

binomial system

nomenclature (naming) system by which all living species are classified (taxonomy) and allows prediction of evolutionary links

explain how scientific names are written

genus first and capitalized followed by species in lower case; when typed, all in italics, when written, all underlines

ex. Homo sapiens

taxonomy

science of classifying groups of organisms based on shared characterisitcs

order the hierarchy of taxa from broadest to most specific

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Domain… King Philip came over for good spaghetti

natural classification

grouping organisms based on similarities and then identifying shared characteristics

name the 3 domains of life

eubacteria, eukarya, archaea

eubacteria

prokaryotic cells lacking a nucleus and consist of the common pathogenic forms

give 2 examples of eubacteria

E. coli and S. aureus

archaea

prokaryotic cells lacking a nucleus and consists of the extremophiles

give 2 examples of archaea

methanogens and thermophiles

eukarya

eukaryotic organisms that contain a membrane-bound nucleus

give 2 examples of eukarya

paramecium and yeast

give 4 differences between the 2 domains or prokaryotes (archaea and eubacteria)

1. archaea have different rRNA than eubacteria

2. eubacteria have no proteins associated with DNA but archaea do

3. cell walls are made of peptidoglycan in eubacteria but not in archaea

4. cell membrane of eubacteria have glycerol-ester lipids but archaea have glycerol-ether lipids

give 2 reasons for the reclassification of organisms

1. prokaryotes are largely diverse

2. archaea is more similar to eukarya than to eubacteria

name 4 phylum from the plantae kingdom

1. bryophyta

2. filicinophyta

3. coniferophyta

4. angiospermophyta

explain the characteristics of filicinophyta

• vascular; has transport tissues

• possess true roots, stems, and leaves as well as stomata

• reproduce via spores, not seeds

• ex. ferns

explain the characteristics of coniferophyta

• produce seeds housing an embryo

• lack enclosed chambers in which seeds develop

• produce seeds in cones which are exposed to the environment

• ex. conifer

explain the characteristics of angiospermophyta

• produce seeds housing an embryo

• seeds in a specialized reproductive structures called flowers

• female reproductive ovary develops into a fruit

• pollination usually via wind or animals

• ex. lilies, trees, shrubs

explain the characteristics of byrophyta

• non-vascular; contain no transport tissue (xylem)

• confined to small moist environments

• do posses true roots, stems, or leaves

• ex. mosses