Anthro True Final Notes

Canine fossa

Depression lateral to the nose region in modern humans

Chris Stringer and Peter Andrews

Scientists who proposed the Replacement/Out of Africa model

Louis and Mary Leakey

Scientists behind Homo Habilis discovery

Milford Wolpoff and Colleagues

Scientists who proposed the Multiregional Continuity model

Homo Habilis

Nicknamed 'Handy man' because it was found with tools, 2.8-1.8 MYA

KNM-ER 1470

Famous habilis specimen found by Richard Leaky, Koobi Fora, Kenya, 2.1 MYA

Kennewick Man

Found in Washington State. From 84 - 92 KYA

Microliths

Small point, used for primitive tools such as spears

Upper Paleolithic

Around 40-50 KYA

Flourishing of new technology and art

More complex tools

Hunting and foraging, exploiting new resources

Increased symbolic expression

Multi Regional Continuity

Modern Homo Sapiens arose from archaic populations in Africa, Europe, and Asia

Regional populations were connected by gene flow during the transition to modern humans

No single origin, no sperate species, no replacement

Replacement/Out of Africa Model

Modern Homo Sapiens evolved in Africa as a new species

Migrated out of Africa and replaced archaic populations

Interbreeding between archaic and modern Homo Sapiens was rare or nonexistent

Modern homo sapiens cranial morphology

Rounded cranium

Vertical forehead

Reduced brow ridges

Reduced facial prognathism

Canine fossa (depression which is lateral to the nose region)

Smaller teeth and jaws

Definite chin

Cro-Magnon, France

1868

Rock shelter; at least 5 individuals

Accidentally discovered by railroad workers

27,000 YA

Middle Pleistocene Climate

800,000 - 150,000 KYA

Climate was colder and more variable than today

Northern Europe was periodically covered by ice sheets

Short interglacial periods

Middle Pleistocene Hominins

Homo Erectus (disappearing around 300,000 KYA)

A hominin with more derived traits, Archaic Homo Sapiens

Homo Erectus Like Traits in Archaic Homo Sapiens

Long cranial vault

Thick cranial bones

Heavy, arched brow ridges

Large faces

Large faces

Occipital torus

Receding chin

Derived (Human like) traits in Archaic Homo Sapiens

Increased cranial capacity (1000-1400 cubic centimeters)

Slightly taller cranial vault

Reduced prognathism

Smaller cheek teeth

Bodo Specimen

Ethiopia

A Skull

Earliest African Specimen

600 KYA

Evidence of defleshing

Kabwe Specimen

Zambia

324-274 KYA

Very large brow ridges

Reduced face and occipital region

Sima de los Huesos

Cave site in Atapuerca, Spain

430,000 KYA

30 individuals

Mortuary site?

Early Neanderthal morphologies?

Schoeningen, Gemany

Evidence for Big Game Hunting

Preserved wooden spears (7 feet long)

400,000 YA

Associated with butchered remains of horses, hand axes

Neandertals

Appear 200 - 150 KYA

Extreme environmental fluctuations

Cooling trends (frigid grassland, many large mammals)

First Recognized Non-Modern Human Fossil

Neander Valley, Germany

Found in 1856

Limestone quarry

Discovered odd-looking skullcap, partial skeleton

Dated to around 40 KYA

Bergmann's Rule

Bigger body retains more heat

Neandertal Cranial Morphology

Long, low vault Occipital bun Mid-facial prognathism Chin absent Large cranial capacity Average of 1500 cubic centimeters, compared to 1300 in living humans Double arched brow ridge Large, wide nasal aperture

Neandertal Postcranial Morphology

Short and stocky Broad trunk Thick long bones with large joints and extensive muscle attachments Short forearms and lower legs

Neandertal Cranial Morphology (Teeth)

Taurodont molars (expanded pulp chambers in teeth)Teeth as tools. Retromolar space

Allen's Rule

mammals living in the cold have shorter faces and limbs than mammals living in warmer areas

La Chappelle-aux-Saints "Old Man"

First relatively complete Neandertal skeleton

An older adult male (around 40!)

40,000 YA

Reconstructed by paleontologist Marcellin Boule

Homo Habilis Discovery

1960, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, Juvenile partial skull

Ethical Treatments of Human Remains

Skeletal remains are people, not objects

Working with human remains is a privilege undertaken by qualified experts

Working with human remains is subject to federal law

Working with human remains is performed with permission from descendant communities

Human remains from historic/prehistoric contexts in the U.S. are subject to NAGPRA

Descendant communities

Living communities that are connected to the individuals whose remains are being studied

Bones and teeth

Parts of the skeletal system that are resistant to decay and provide valuable information on life history

Bone

A network of cells and a neurovascular system embedded in a protein/mineral matrix

A dynamic, living tissue

Organic Component of Bone

25%

Primarily collagen (protein)

Arranged in fibers; elastic, stretchy

Inorganic component of Bone

60%

Hydroxyapatite (mineral)

Primarily calcium and phosphates

Hard property

Water

The last 15% of bone

Functions of Bones

Encasement and protection

Support and movement

Production of blood cells

Fat storage

Mineral reservoir (ex. calcium and phosphate)

Skeletal Variation

The morphology of bones and teeth varies from person to person

Allows osteologists to estimate age, sex, population affinity, stature, pathologies, activity patterns, ETC.

Projections

bumps or ridges that stick out from bone surface (ex. mastoid process)

Depressions, fossae, grooves

Indentations or furrows on bone surface (ex. mandibular fossa)

Foramina and canals

holes or channels in bone (ex. foramen magnum)

Axial skeleton

The central part of the skeleton, including the skull, vertebral column, and ribs

Postcranial Axial Skeleton

The part of the axial skeleton excluding the skull

Hyoid

Vertebrae (24 total) - cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5)

Sacrum

Coccyx

Ribs (24 total, 12 per side)

Sternum

Hyoid

A U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue and aids in swallowing

Vertebrae

The bones that make up the spinal column

Sacrum

A triangular bone at the base of the spine

Coccyx

The tailbone, a small triangular bone at the bottom of the vertebral column

Sternum

The breastbone, a flat bone located in the center of the chest

Shoulder girdle

The bones that connect the upper limbs to the axial skeleton

clavicle and scapula

Pelvic girdle

The bones that connect the lower limbs to the axial skeleton

Os coxae (composed of ilium, ischium, and pubus)

Upper leg

femur and patella

Lower leg

fibula and tibia

Foot

tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges

Upper Arm

humerus

Lower Arm

radius and ulna

Hand

carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

Oldowan

Homo habilis associated tool industry

Hammerstone

Used to make an Oldowan stone tool by detaching flakes from their cores

Australopithecine Boisei

Based on a juvenile skull with a large brain and small molars, leakeys argued that Homo Habilis was living aside this hominin at Olduvai gorge

homo Rudolfensis

"Splitters" place larger examples of homo habilis into this species

Turkana boy

7-11 year old Homo Erectus specimen which was 5'5"

Cold climate

neandertals were more adapted to this climate because of shorter limbs, larger chests and brains

Chins

Only found on anatomically modern humans

Australia

Evidence from lake Mungo shows that Modern humans occupied this continent as early as they did Europe

Cervical

Vertebrae found in neck

Hand axe

Type of bifacial tool associated with Homo Erectus sites and was used for over a million years

Dmansi

Five homo erectus individuals discovered at this site in Eurasia

Spears

Weapons found in Shcoeningen Germany which point to big game hunting by Archaic Homo Sapiens

Atlatl

Old spear throwing device

Homo Floresiensis

Unusually small hominin explained as an Isolated group of Homo Erectus that experienced "Island dwarfing" over time

Homo Ergaster

To "Splitters", Asian Homo Erectus forms are placed into this species for being more "robust"

Occipital Bun

Rounded, projecting feature on the back of Neandertal crania

Pubic symphysis

Pelvic bone feature used to estimate age at death of an adult skeleton by forensic anthropologists

Cribra Orbitalia

Nutritional deficiencies can cause these lesions around the eye orbits

Neandertals and Denisovans

Modern humans exchanged genes with these hominins as they migrated out of Africa

Levallois

"Prepared Core" tech used by Archaic Homo Sapiens and Neandertals to create tools

Taurodont

Expanded pulp chambers of Neandertal molars possibly due to heavy tooth wear

Taphonomy

process that effects human remains after death

Dental caries

Another word for cavities

Bering

Land bridge that was assumed to be how humans got into The Americas

Clovis

Named for type of projectile point. Culture that was assumed to be first in North America

Osteobiography

Bioarcheology approach which focuses on explaining the life and history of an individual from their skeleton

Radius

Lateral bone in forearm

Climate at the end of the Pleistocene

stable climate

PLants that appear around 12-11 KYA

Plant domesticates

Dental Evidence of Developmental Disruption

Enamel Hypolasias - lines, pits, patches of missing tooth enamel

Teenage female found in Hoyo, Negro (Yucatan, Mexico)

Naia

Oldest Fossils which come from Africa

Jebel Irhoud (Morocco) and Omo, Ethiopia

Earliest Humans Outside of Africa (Israel)

Mt. Carmel

Earliest Humans Outside of Africa (Asia)

Zhoukoudian or Zirhen Cave

Earliest Humans Outside of Africa (Romania)

Arrived relatively Late in Europe, Pestera cu Oase

Earliest Humans Outside of Africa (Czech Republic)

Mladec, Predmosti, Dolni Vestonice

Assimilation Model

Modern Homo Sapiens appeared first in Africa, Migrated out and did exchange genes with archaics, No biological species-level difference between archaic and modern humans

Leister

3 pronged fishing spear

Weirs

Stone corral for trapping fish

Boules interpretation of "Old Man"

Low vault + large brow ridge = ape-like and unintelligent, Curved spine, stooped stance, Grasping feet (he made the big-toe opposable)

More Recent interpretation of "Old Man"

"Slouching posture" the result of severe osteoarthritis, No evidence big toe was opposable

Saggital keel

an inverted V-shaped ridge running along the top of the skull in Homo erectus

first appear in Africa at Koobi Fora. Sharp bifaced tools with complex shaped edges, made from carefully selected stone materials. Some of the sharpest are made from volcanic glass. They were used by Homo erectus.

Acheulean tools