Lecture Notes on Statistical Analysis and Research Methods

This set of flashcards covers key concepts related to statistical analysis and research methods, exploring topics like variables, hypothesis testing, regression analysis, and more.

What is a Categorical Variable?

A variable that represents distinct groups or categories, such as gender or education level.

What measurement scales are associated with Categorical Variables?

Nominal and Ordinal.

What is a Continuous Variable?

A variable measured on a continuous numerical scale, such as height or income.

What measurement scales are associated with Continuous Variables?

Interval and Ratio.

What is the goal of Univariate EDA?

To describe data, understand distribution, and identify outliers.

What analysis method is used for two categorical variables?

Cross-tabulation.

What hypothesis testing method is used for two categorical variables?

Chi-square test of independence.

How do you summarize one continuous and one categorical variable?

By comparing means between groups.

What hypothesis testing method is used for one continuous and one categorical variable?

Independent samples t-test or ANOVA.

What does correlation measure?

The strength of the linear relationship between two continuous variables.

What is the range of the correlation coefficient?

Between -1 and 1.

What is regression analysis used for?

To determine the relationship between variables and to predict the outcome variable.

What method is used to estimate parameters in regression analysis?

Test for significance and determine strength of association.

What does an F-test assess in regression analysis?

Whether the overall regression model is significant.

What does a t-test assess in regression analysis?

Whether a specific predictor has a significant effect on the dependent variable.

What is a confidence interval?

A projection of the range within which a population parameter will lie at a given level of confidence.

What is the purpose of hypothesis testing?

To determine whether to accept sample results as valid for the overall population.

What is the difference between univariate and multivariate analyses?

Univariate analyses focus on single variables; multivariate analyses look for relationships among multiple variables.

What is cross tabulation used for?

To study the relationship between two or more categorical variables.

What is conjoint analysis?

A quantitative method that quantifies consumer preferences for products and services.

What is the importance of internal validity in experiments?

It determines whether the outcome can be attributed to the experimental variable.

What is the significance of external validity?

It assesses if the results of an experiment can be generalized to other situations.

what are the 5 Cs

Customers, Company, Competitors, Collaborators, Context

What are the 4 Ps

Product, Price, Place, Promotion