Scientific revo and Enlightenment

M4 I&S

Copernicus and Galileo

Copernicus-

questioned the geocentric theory, beleived heliocentric (sun was center of universe)

Galileo- 

supported copernicus theory through observations with the telescope, remained silent for years then relased a book, summoned to court in 1633 under the threat of torture, was forced to read a signed confession sayin copernicus was wrong, lived under house arrest then died in 1642

Montesqieu and Rosseau

Monestqieu-

advocated for the separation of powers (executive, legislative, judicial) to prevent tyranny and protect individual liberty. Believed that dividing governmental authority among different branches would ensure checks and balances.

Rousseau-

proposed the idea of the social contract, asserting that legitimate political authority resides in the collective will of the people. He emphasized the importance of individual freedom and equality, influencing modern democratic thought.

Enlightened Despots

Absolute monarchs who embraced Enlightenment ideas to reform society, promote tolerance, and improve governance while maintaining their power. Ex.

Federick of prussia-

granted many religous freedoms, reduced censorship, and improved education

want to abolish serfdom because he beleived it was unfair

goal was to strengthen his country

Joseph 2nd of austria-

introduced legal reforms and freedom of the press

abolished serfdom and ordered that peasents be paid for their labor in cash

OLD IDEA- the state and its citezen exist to serve the monarch

NEW IDEA- the monarch exists to serve the state and support its citizens

Bacon and Descartes (pioneers)

Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes developed the scientific method

Bacon-

beleived in experimenteng and then draw conclusions called “experimental method or empiricism”

Descatyes-

beleived that scientists needed to reject old assumptions anf everything should be double checked (checked until. proved by reason)

Modern scientific method relys on Bacon and Descartes ideas (experimentation and observation)

Old scientific method relied on books, church, and dead people

Women in scientific revolution

Margaret Cavendish-

• philosopher

• not formallly educated

• Critical of the beleif that humans were masters of nature

• published her book in her own name instead of a mans or anomalously

• attened one meeting with royal society but was never inducted

Maria Winkleman-

• astronomer

• self taught & trained by family

• became husbands assitant in order to practice

• discovered “comet of 1702”

• highly qualified but didnt have degree so couldnt get into berlin academy

• problems at academy relefect the obsitcles women faced in being accepted as scientists

Sophia Brahe

• astronemer

• assisted brother w/ his astronomical observation when she was a teenager

• self taught

• assictance led to discovery of supernova and lunar eclipse

Scientific revo spreads

scientists started to question things

developed tools and instruments to make percise observations

Edward Jenner-

• introduced first modern day small pox vaccine 1700

• discovered cow pox gave permanment protection from small pox

Andreas Vesalius

• proved Gallens assumption that “human anatomy is same as pigs” wrong

• book w/ detailed drawings of human bones, organs, and muscles 1543

Gabriel Fahrenheit

• german physicist

• made first thermometer to use mercury in glass 1714

Women in enlightenment

Philosiphies like rousseau took a traditional veiw toward women (a womens education shoukd teach her how to be a helpful wife & mother)

However some male writers agured for more eduaction and marrige equality

Mary Astell-

• published “a serious proposal to the ladies” which adressed the lack education opritunities for women

Emilie du Chateley-

• Trained as a mathmetician and phyisicist

• translated newtons book from latin to french

• one of the first femenists

Salons-

• a gathering of many people which discussed literature, arts, philosophy, politics often hosted by wealthy women

Artists and Cultural impacts

Literature-

• salons and encyclopaedia helped spread ideas over euroupe

• More people in mmiddle class started to read

• Ideas spread in newspapers, pamphlets, and songs

Visual Arts-

• display power, emphasize status and wealth

• mainly in 16th-18th century

Music-

• before enlightement music was cord and organ

• Enlightenment introduced new and lighter music (Hayden, Mortzart, Beethoven)

Boroque-

• type of arcitechture

• grand and ornate designs (iregular shapes?)

Rococo-

• type of arcitechture and art

• lighthearted but decorative style

• turned away from the church and religion

• borrowed ideas from classical Rome and Greece

Hobbes and Locke

Hobbes-

• thought governmant was best with one absolute monarchy in control (absolute power)

• expressed his veiws in a book called “Leviathan”

• English civil war convinced him that humans were naturally selfish and wicked

Locke-

• beleived humans are born with natural rights to life, liberty, and property

• beleived in a government that protects that

• Also beleived citezens should be able to vote in a democratic gorvernment and that the poeple in power cant do anything to stop it