Apologia Advanced Biology Module 1

Anatomy

the study of the structures of the body and its parts

Physiology

the study of how those parts function and work together

Developmental Anatomy

the study of the changes that begin in the human body at conception and proceed into adulthood

Surface Anatomy

is used for diagnosis

Regional Anatomy

analysis of specific parts of the body

Gross Anatomy

Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

Macroscopic Anatomy

study of large body structures visible to the naked eye (Gross Anatomy)

Microscopic Anatomy

deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

Systemic Anatomy

anatomy of the organ system

Organ System

group of organs related by shared functions.

Comparative anatomy

the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species

Organizational Levels of the Human Body

Skeletal, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, muscular, integumentary, lymphatic, urinary, endocrine, reproductive

Organ

group of tissues specialized for a particular function

Tissue

Groups of cells forming various building materials of the body

Nervous tissue

has the ability to conduct electrical signal. brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Muscular tissue

comprises the muscles that enable your skeleton to move, your heart to beat and your other internal organs to push food or fluid along

Connective tissue

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts

Epithelial tissue

Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities.

Cell

Basic unit of life

Organelle

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together

Homeostasis

a state of dynamic equilibrium in the body with respect to its internal environment and functions

Set Point

ideal normal value of a variable around homeostasis is maintained through a normal range of values that are acceptable to the body

Stress

a factor that causes one or more physiological variables to move away from its homeostatic set point

Control Center

the part of the body that receives information about a variable, determines the set point, and signals a response to correct imbalance

Receptor

a structure in the body that monitors the value of your body's variables

Effectors

a structure in the body that can change the value of a variable in response to a signal from the control center

Negative feedback

A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will counteract the change. Maintains a steady state.

Plasma membrane

The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition.

Nucleus

Control center of the cell

Nuclear envelope

A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell

Chromatin

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Cytosol

Fluid portion of cytoplasm

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

Endoplasmic Reticulum

network within the cell's cytoplasm

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

transport within cell as well as production of lipids and carbohydrates

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

transport within cell as well as protein synthesis

Golgi apparatus

Cell's packaging plant, takes various chemicals and packages them for many purposes

Secretory vesicle

tiny membrane bound sac, travel through cytoplasm to the plasma membrane where contents are released outside the cell

Lysosomes

bread down lipids , protein, polysacharides, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.

Centrioles

influence the movement and shape of the cell

Microtubules

Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tube like structure

Centrosome

center of microtubule

Cilia

are like tiny hairs formed from an intricate arrangement of microtubules.

Microfilaments

Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell

Intermediate filaments

responsible for strengthening and supporting the cell

Mitrochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, major site of ATP synthesis

Mitochondrial DNA

DNA found only in mitochondria, often used as a molecular clock

Protein

An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells

Catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Antibodies

fight infections

Protein synthesis

by transcription and translation

Messenger RNA

RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell

Mitosis

cell reproduction

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Intracellular fluid

fluid within cells

Extracellular fluid

fluid outside the cell

Channel proteins

Channel proteins are membrane proteins that form channels that selectively allow the passage of certain ions or molecules.

Glycoproteins

proteins that have carbohydrates attached

Receptor proteins

Proteins that transmit information in and out of cells. They allow communication between cells.

Glycolipids

a lipid with attached carbohydrates

Cholesterol

A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.

Fluid mosaic model

model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane

Selective permeability

the ability to let certain materials in or out while restricting others

Carrier proteins

a protein that transports substances across a cell membrane

Mediated transport

movement of molecules across membrane by binding to protein transporter; characterized by specificity, competition, and saturation; includes facilitated diffusion and active transport

Passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

Prophase

centrioles duplicate and fore spine of microtubules, move towards opposite ends of cell so that spindle spreads, replicated DNA forms chromosomes.

Metaphase

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

Anaphase

the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles

Telophase

the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.

Phospholipid bilayer

composed of two fatty acids and a phosphate group. Polar on one side and non polar on another.

Diffusion

movement of ions or molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Active tansport

The movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient, mediated by specific transport proteins and requiring an expenditure of energy.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

compound used by cells to store and release energy

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

low-energy molecule that can be converted to ATP

Facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Active transport

transport that required cellular energy

Endocytosis

the process by which large molecules are taken into the cell

Pinocytosis

Cell drinking - allows protein to enter cell and dissolved in fluid around cell

Phagocytosis

cell eating - engulfing particles example white blood cells.

Exocytosis

transportation of material from inside the cell to outside the cell using vesicles: also called secretion