Soc 269 exam 2

Critical race theory- CRT

A paradigm used to generate insights into contemporary racial stratification is more powerful or enduring than is initially apparent

CRT assumptions

Racism affects everyday life
Current system of white supremacy serves an important purpose (conflict theory)
Races are a product of social thought/relations (interactionism)
Dominant society racializes different minorities at different times
A shared experience of POC may not be shared by white people
Seeks to propagate social justice

Noel Hypothesis

Competition, ethnocentrism, and differences in power feed directly into ethnic stratification

Blauner Hypothesis

African Americans, Native Americans, and Mexican Americans are forced minority groups
White people forcibly enter a territory, dominate indigenous population, and justify it with highly prejudiced and racist belief systems and stereotypes

Group Threat Model

Dominant and minority group mix
Minority group size increases
Competition
Threat discourse
Dominant group has a sense of superiority and assumes that the minority group wants to take over

Why are race relations a Black vs white issue?

It creates an "othering" of POC, us vs them mindset

cultural encapsulation

a lack of contact into cultures outside of our own that promotes insensitivity to cultural differences

chattel

personal as opposed to real property; any tangible movable property

5 central components of slavery

slavery was for life
slavery was inherited
slaves were mere property
slaves were denied rights
coercion was used to maintain system

Why were African Americans selected to be slaves?

physical differences, non Christian, unfamiliar with the concept of territory, lacked organization, and the ideological belief that they were different

Dred Scott Decision

African Americans had no rights for whites to

Emancipation Proclamation

Slaves were free, allowed military to enlist former slaves

13th amendment

no slavery is legal except as a punishment for crime

Civil Rights act of 1866

Declared Black people to be citizens of the US, gave them equal civil rights, gave federal courts jurisdiction to deal with cases related to this

14th amendment

States can't deprive people of their life, liberty, or property without due process of the law.

Ku Klux Klan

modus operandi: insight hatred of racial and ethnic minorities through fear, intimidation, and violence

Jim Crow Laws

legalized racial segregation

Voting restrictions

literacy tests
grandfather clause
property owning requirements
poll taxes

Plessy v. Ferguson

resulted in "seperate but equal"

De jure vs. De facto segregation

legal segregation vs segregation that happens anyway (redlining, wage gap, etc)
outlawed vs not outlawed

Booker T. Washington

Argued that Black people were too recently removed from slavery to be equal to whites
Encouraged Black people to pull themselves up by the bootstraps and win their own rights
Atlanta Compromise

WEB DuBois

Formed Niagara movement
Argued for protesting/taking legal action against segregation and civil rights violations
ultimate goal was full acceptance of Black people as citizens

NAACP- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Niagara movement + white liberals
called for stricter enforcement of civil rights
Black Renaissance

Rosa Parks

Refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white person

Brown vs Topeka board of education

separate does not mean equal

Marcus Garvey

Organized the Negro Improvement Association to help Black people move to an independent African nation- separatist

Martin Luther King Jr

Leading figure in Civil Rights movement
Founded Southern Christian Leadership Conference to gain civil rights through nonviolent protest and confrontation

civil disobedience

active non-violent resistance to evil
seeking friendship of opposition rather than humiliation/defeat
no retaliation to hate
acting with conviction that the universe is on the side of justice

Civil Rights act of 1964

Banned discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or gender.

Factors that facilitated success of Civil Rights Movement

Changing social/political environment
Movement embraced dominant code of American values/beliefs- asking for equal treatment
support from many individuals/groups
key factor- influence of mass media, the whole world was watching

factors that inhibit a future Black protest movement

Black class structure is highly differentiated
institutional strength of Black communit

Why were reparations ineffective?

Modern racism
victim blaming
white people

Malcom X

Black Muslim
Black Power movement
Black is Beautiful
Separatist movement

Culture of poverty model vs. ethnic resource model

poop people are poor because they're lazy vs cultural strengths have protected Black people through unemployment crises and effects of slavery

assimilation of African Americans

still huge gaps in income, wealth, jobs, education, housing, etc.
public sphere is more common than private sphere, outmarriage is relatively low

indentured servants

agreements between 2 parties about long-term labor

plantation system

an economy based on agricultural mass production, usually a few staple crops

paternalism

members of a minority group are viewed as docile, childlike, or in need of supervision

caste system

a class structure determined on birth

sharecropping

landlord allows use of the land in exchange for a percentage of the

primary labor market versus secondary labor market

lower turnover, long term jobs vs temporary, high turnover jobs

cultural misappropriation

stealing things from other cultures with no recognition or remorse

points to understand when studying Native Americans

Much is unwritten, understudied, and underappreciated about Natives
Natives are unique- they're not an immigrant group
their relationship with dominant groups lends to analysis from conflict perspective
stereotyped as Indians- massive culture with many differences

Native culture characteristics

humans are part of a larger reality
land just exists- buying, selling, and owning were foreign concepts
collectivistic society
tribes organized around egalitarian values

Proclamation of 1763

all land west of the Appalachians was Indian territory
settlers couldn't use land without express tribal permission
all future purchases from Indians had to be conducted publicly with a rep from the king

Northwest Territory Ordinance

Utmost good faith shall always be observed towards Indians, land and property shall never be taken without their consent, and their properties, rights, and liberties shall never be invaded or disturbed unless in just + rightful wars authorized by Congress.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

Federal gov would nullify land claims of Cherokees- 60 million acres
Cherokees protested with court action
Declared Natives as Domestic Dependent Nations and put limits on sovereignty

Worcester v. Georgia

although sovereignty had limits, remaining sovereignty was great
tribal powers could make treaties
federal government dealings only

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)

designed to take choices out of the hands of Indians, run by white people
supervised reservations and distributed supplies
clear example of role of government in defining and controlling racial + ethnic groups

Dawes Allotment Act 1887

divided land into tracts (160 acres) which were then allotted to members of the tribes, leftover land could be sold to the US
prohibited land from being resold for 25 years
centerpiece of general effort to anglicize Natives
Natives lost 98 million of 138 million total acres
increased power of BIA

boarding schools

BIA sent children to boarding schools
required to speak English, convert to Christianity, become educated in western civilization, become a "good Indian"
no familial contact
different tribes were intermixed

acculturation

the process by which a group (generally a minority group) learns the culture of another group (generally dominant group)

Indian Citizenship Act

a "token of gratitude" for the thousands of Natives that served in WWI
made all Indians full citizens of the US
fears arose that the dominant group would forgo treaty obligations and detribalize Natives

Indian Reorganization Act

abandoned angloconformity and embraced pluralism
restored sovereignty as long as Indians adopted American model of representative democracy
rescinded Dawes Allotment Act
dismantled boarding schools
financial aid for developing reservations
financial aid for college
increased self governance and reduced role of BIA

Indian Civil Rights Act/Self-Determination Act

renounced Termination policy
reaffirmed pluralistic rights of Indians
Tribes could negotiate with the BIA to self administer education/social service programs
decreased paternalistic relations

Society for American Indians 1911

integrationist
2 main goals- abolition of BIA and citizenship to all Indians

New tribalism/Red Power

Stressed self determination, pride in race and culture
occupation of Alcatraz Island 1969

American Indian Movement

argued for sovereignty and protection of treaties
pushed for legal action to be taken

American Indian religious freedom act

protects access to worship areas and sacred rituals in Native religion

Indian removal Act

designed to get all southeastern Indians to move west of the Mississippi river
ignored all previous court rulings
it took 94 treaties, bribery, threats, and misrepresentation for the Natives to fully move

Trail of Tears

Ordeal of removal took about 20 years
more than 15000 Natives died
by early 1840, 100,000 Indians were relocated
In 1838 Cherokees were forcibly taken from their homes, incarcerated in stockades, and forced to walk 1000 miles.

blood quantum

the amount of fully Native blood a person has- they have to have a certain percentage of Native heritage to qualify as a Native American person

self-identification

deciding which part of your blood you identify with most.

Assimilation of Native Americans

they have some language retention, religious freedom and traditions
they have been hindered from participating equally in educational, occupational, and financial spheres due to history of discrimination
Natives on reservations tend to have less non-Native friends, urbanized Natives have more non-Native friends

Idealized Indian, the body and embodiment

"The bodies of the dancing sideline mascots, such as those like the former UI performer Chief Illiniwek, are the frameworks of embodiments whose gestures, movements, and postures condense physical histories, cultural experiences, and effects of colonial interactions of redness and whiteness. In the dance that had been performed by Chief Illiniwek, the gymnastics-like abilities of the performers were to mimic the physical attributes of the idealized Indian body by the nonnative performer. By dancing like an Indian, the white performer became an actual Indian body, one that contained the abilities of speed, agility, stamina, and endurance of the romanticized ideal Indian."

empire conquest and the frontier

Mascots celebrate the conquest of Native American peoples from the perspective of the settlement of Native American land and the perseverance and courage needed to accomplish this nation-building feat. Mascots honor the repopulating of the conquered grounds with the new heirs to the land in the form of the mascots and their kin—a newly sanctioned male elite, especially those attending university. On a larger framework of perspective, Manifest Destiny serves the purpose of justifying the wresting of lands away from the Native Americans in order to build a country, celebrated by the heirs, the male elite, and the new inhabitants in an equally vigorous fashion. Mascots become the idealized Indian male foe foil to these constructs of American masculinity.

Masculine and Feminine Mascots and Gender

"The bellicose, militant warrior is a predominant icon of mascot portrayals. It is this aggressive posture that represents an ideal of masculine behavior and attitude. For those white men invested in Indian-styled mascots, it becomes a part of the construction of their identity in what it means to be a man in American society. This identity can be construed from an institutionalized form of mascot attachment garnered through the schools and educational sites that are represented by Indian-styled mascots. Any critique of such a tradition or heritage is met with resistance and opposition to change regarding mascot imagery, logos, and nicknames."

Why is Oriental a bad word?

brings up problematic connotations and history
more appropriate for inanimate objects
used to reinforce "othering"

Model minority myth

high academic standards and economic upward mobility make Asians the perfect patsy
primary purpose is to support modern racism
aligns minority groups against each other
diverts attention away from those that are downwardly mobile
distracts from discrimination against Asian people

Deconstruction of the Model Minority Myth

Asians tend to have multiple workers in the same household- accounts for higher household income
Asians have good education but can't usually find jobs that actually use that education properly, which leads to them being overqualified for jobs

Yellow peril discourse

feeling that eastern and southeastern Asians are a threat to western civilization

push factors for Chinese immigrants

colonization

pull factors for Chinese immigrants

gold rush-1849
transcontinental railroad
quickly expanding economy

Chinese exclusion act of 1882

barred Chinese immigrants for 10 years- officially repealed in 1943

Characteristics of traditional Chinatowns

offered safety of urban anonymity and neighborhoods where culture could be maintained- invisible minority
became centers of community
provided social welfare and services for immigrant

cultural similarities among Asians

stresses group membership over individual needs
loyalty to the group, conformity to social expectations, respect for superiors-dual culture conflict
patriarchal values
family obligations
saving face

Second gen Chinese Americans

much more influenced by larger culture
looked beyond enclave for fulfilling needs
more occupational and educational pursuits

push for Japanese immigration

meiji restoration
heavy taxation

pull for Japanese immigration

economic opportunities
higher wages
Chinese laborers were banned, Japanese laborers filled the shortage

Gentleman's Agreement 1908

Anti-Japanese campaign
Compromise between Japan-US
If the US repealed segregated schools, the gov of Japan would only give passports to laborers visiting from America, non-laborers, and wives, parents, and children of people already living in US

Picture Bride Invasion

Similar to mail order bride
used to get Japanese women to the US-over 40,000 women came to the US in a 10 year period

Alien Land Laws

prevented people "ineligible to citizenship" from owning land
sense of threat
Japanese registered land in the name of their children or trusted American friends instead

Emergency Quota Act

Established a quota for the percentage of immigrants from certain countries, denied a quota for Japanese which means no new Japanese immigrants

immigrant

moving permanently for opportunities or a better life

sojourner

someone who moves to send money/resources back home with every intention of going back to their home

refugee

someone who comes with no plans for the future, usually someone who's fleeing war

Pearl Harbor bombing

catalyst for Japanese Internment

Japanese Internment Experience

very unconstitutional, esp because there was no real basis for evacuating- no proof of a coup
first stage- removed people from their homes to hastily prepared assembly centers
second stage- moved people from assembly centers to relocation centers (concentration camps)
120,000 Japanese relocated, with 2/3 of them being US citizens
HUGE loss of power

Tsu

clans with common ancestors

hui kuan

benevolent associations-based on districts in China

Tongs

secret societies/gangs- provided drugs, gambling, prostitution

racial triangulation

model minority is most influential and prevalent stereotype for Asian Americans today
evokes negative implications like racial hostilities and violence despite its positive image that it supposedly makes for Asian Americans