UARK Human Anatomy Exam 1

Level of Organization Low-High

chemical/molecular, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Level of Organization High-Low

organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, chemical/molecular

cytology

study of the cell

histology

study of tissues or study of GROUPS of cells

responsiveness(irritability)

ability to respond to changes

adaptability

ability to make adjustments to environmental changes

growth

increase in the size of the organsism

differentiation

becoming specialized to perform particular functions

movement

internal(food/blood) + external(walking)

reproduction

production of new generations of the same organism

metabolism

all chemical reactions in the body

anabolism(metabolism)

synthesis of complex molecules

catabolism(metabolism)

breakdown of complex molecules

absorption

bringing chemicals into body

respiration

absorption, transport, and use of oxygen by cells

digestion

type of catabolism, makes nutrients small enough to be absorbed

excretion

removal of wastes

Integumentary system

-skin

-temperature control, protection from environmental hazards

Skeletal system

support, protection of soft tissues, mineral storage, blood formation

Muscular system

locomotion, support, heat production

Nervous system

directing responses to stimuli, coordination activities of other organ systems

Endocrine system

directing long term changes in activities of other organ systems

Cardiovascular system

internal transport of cells and dissolved materials (nutrients, gas, wastes)

Lymphatic system

defense against infection and disease

Respitory system

-oxygen/carbon dioxide

delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulation blood

Digestive system

processing food and absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water

Urinary system

elimination of excess water, salts, waste products, controls pH levels

Reproductive System

produce sex cells and hormones

Sagittal cut

separates left and right

Midsaggittal cut

separates left and right equally

Parasaggittal cut

separates left and right unequally

transvers cut

separates superior and inferior

coronal cut

separates anterior and posterior

oblique cut

separates the tissue at an angle

Anatomical positon

standing with feet flat on floor, hands at side, palms facing forward, looking straight ahead

supine

lying face up in anatomical position

prone

lying face down in anatomical position

parietal membrane

nearest wall of body, farthest from the organs

visceral membrane

farthest from wall of body, nearest the organs

Thoraic cavity consists of:

pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, mediastinal cavity

pleural cavity

lungs

pericardial cavity

heart

mediastinal cavity

trachea, esophogus

Abdominopelvic cavity consists of:

peritoneal cavity and pelvic cavity

Peritoneal cavity

stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, etc

Pelvic cavity

urinary bladder

superior

towards head/top

inferior

towards bottom/feet

anterior

front of body

posterior

back of body

medial

towards midline of body

lateral

away from midline of body

Phospolipid bilayer

hydrophillic heads

hydrophobic tails

outer layer ONLY has glycolipids and glycoproteins that form glycalyx coating

Passive Process

no ATP(energy) needed

Active Process

ATP needed + protein

Simple diffusion

con. high to low

no ATP, no protein

Osmosis

water con. high to low

no ATP+aquaporins

Facilitated diffusion

no ATP +carrier protein

Active transport consists of:

endocytosis and exocytosis

Pinocytosis(endocytosis)

vesicles bring small molecules into cell

cell drinking

ATP required

Phagocytosis(endocytosis)

vesicles bring solid particles into cell

cell eating

ATP required

exocytosis

release of intercellular material to extracellular area

ATP +calcium ions required

Membraneous organelles

mitochondria, nucleus, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes

Nonmembraneous organelles

cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, flagella, ribosomes

cell membrane

physical isolation, permeability, sensitivity, cell to cell communication, structural support,

cytoskeleton

gives cytoplasm strength and flexibility

centrioles

moves chromosomes during cell division

cilia

propels fluids or solids across cell surface

flagella

propels sperm cells through fluid

ribosomes

protein productoin

mitochondria

produce ATP

nucleus

contain chromosomes--DNA wrapped around proteins called histones

smooth ER

synthesize lipids, steroids, and carbs, detoxification of toxins, storage of calcium ions

golgi apparatus

modifies protein, synthesizing and packaging of secretions

UPS

lysosomes

fus with phagosomes to digest solid material, reduce damaged organelles

DIGESTION

peroxisomes

abundant in liver cells, convert hydrogen peroxide to water and oxidants

Interphase

takes up 75%-80% of cell cycle

G1(largest), S, G2

G1 and G2-protein synthesis

S-DNA synthesis

prophase

chromatin goes to chromosomes

metaphase

chromatids line up in the middle

anaphase

chromatids separate to opposite poles of the cell

telophase

two new nucleur membranes begin to form

cytokinesis

overlaps with anaphase and telophase

Epithelial Tissue characteristics

cells close together, no intercellular space

exposed apical surface, attached basal surface

avascularity(no blood vessels/blood supply)

arranged in sheets

cells constantly replaced

Epithelial Tissue functions

physical protection, permeability, sensations, secretions

Simple

one layer, found in protected areas(internal parts)

Stratified

2+ layers, where mechanical/chemical abrasions happen

squamous

thin, flat cells--sunny side up eggs

cuboidal

cube shaped, round nucleus

columnar

longer than wide, nucleus at base

transitional

mixture

Simple squamous

lining body cavities, heart, blood vessels

friction, absorption, secretion

Stratified squamous

surface of skin, mouth, esophogus, anus, vagina

protection

Simple cuboidal

kidney tubules, thyroid gland, ducts

secretion/absorption

Stratified cuboidal

ducts of sweat gland

absorb/secrete

Simple columnar

intestines, stomach, gall bladder

secretion, absorption, protection

Stratified columnar

pharynx, epigottis, anus, mammory glands, salivary glands, urethra

protection

Psuedostratified Ciliated Columnar

nasal cavity, trachea

protection/secretion

transitional

urinary bladder

ability to stretch extensively

Microvilli in Epithelial Tissue

digestion, absorption, secretion

apical surface of cells in urinary/digestive tract

increase surface area

Connective tissue characteristics

matrix of fibers and liquid(blood and lymph)

matrix of gel and solid(cartilage and bone)