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Vocabulary flashcards summarizing essential terms and definitions from Chapter 4 on consciousness, sleep, hypnosis, meditation, and psychoactive drugs.
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Consciousness
Personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and the external environment.
Attention
Capacity to selectively focus awareness on particular stimuli, thoughts, or sensations.
Dualism (Descartes)
Philosophical view that mind and body are separate, with the mind controlling the body.
Introspection
Early psychological technique of looking inward to examine one’s own conscious experience.
Freud’s Unconscious
Hypothesized reservoir of repressed desires and instincts outside conscious awareness.
Cognitive Unconscious
Modern concept of unexperienced mental processes that influence thoughts, choices, and emotions.
Minimal Consciousness
Low-level sensory awareness and responsiveness to stimulation.
Full Consciousness
State in which one is fully aware and able to report mental content.
Self-Consciousness
Attention focused on oneself as the object of awareness.
Altered State of Consciousness
Condition in which awareness differs noticeably from waking consciousness (e.g., drug state, brain trauma).
Unity (Consciousness)
Property by which consciousness is experienced as an integrated whole.
Selectivity
Property of consciousness that filters information, focusing on what is relevant.
Intentionality
Quality of consciousness being directed toward an object or idea.
Transience
Tendency of consciousness to continually shift focus from one thing to another.
Perceptual Constancy
Perception of objects as constant despite changes in sensory input (size, shape).
Inattentional Blindness
Failure to notice visible stimuli when attention is engaged elsewhere.
Change Blindness
Inability to detect large visual changes in a scene due to limited attention.
Cocktail-Party Effect
Ability to focus on one conversation amid many, illustrating selective attention.
Multitasking
Dividing attention across tasks, often reducing performance on each.
Automatic Processing
Well-learned tasks performed with little conscious guidance (e.g., walking).
Controlled Processing
Tasks requiring focused attention and conscious effort (e.g., learning to drive).
Blindsight
Ability of cortically blind individuals to respond to visual stimuli without conscious seeing.
Priming
Unconscious exposure to information that influences later perceptions or behavior.
Circadian Rhythm
Biological cycle about 24 hours long regulating sleep, hormones, and other functions.
Melatonin
Pineal hormone that promotes sleep; production suppressed by bright light.
Jet Lag
Desynchronization of circadian rhythms due to rapid travel across time zones.
EEG (Electroencephalogram)
Recording of brain’s electrical activity used to study sleep stages.
Beta Waves
Fast brain-wave pattern associated with alert wakefulness.
Alpha Waves
Slower brain waves seen during relaxed wakefulness or drowsiness.
Theta Waves
Brain waves characteristic of light NREM sleep (Stage 1 & 2).
Delta Waves
Slow brain waves dominant in deep NREM Stage 3 sleep.
Hypnagogic Hallucinations
Vivid sensory experiences occurring at sleep onset.
Myoclonic Jerk
Sudden muscle spasm that often accompanies sleep onset.
Sleep Spindle
Burst of rapid brain activity in NREM Stage 2 sleep.
K-Complex
Large, high-voltage wave occurring in NREM Stage 2 sleep.
REM Sleep
Sleep phase with rapid eye movements, active brain, dreaming, and muscle paralysis.
NREM Sleep
Non-rapid-eye-movement sleep encompassing Stages 1–3; quiet and dreamless.
Sleep Cycle
Recurrent pattern of NREM and REM sleep lasting about 90 minutes.
REM Rebound
Excess REM sleep following deprivation of REM.
Microsleep
Brief, involuntary episode of sleep lasting seconds, often from deprivation.
Activation-Synthesis Model
Theory that dreams result from brainstem activation and cortical synthesis of meaning.
Neurocognitive Model of Dreaming
View that dreams mirror waking concerns and reflect personality and interests.
Manifest Content
Freud’s term for the surface storyline of a dream.
Latent Content
Freud’s hidden, symbolic meaning of a dream.
Insomnia
Chronic difficulty falling or staying asleep or feeling rested.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Breathing stops repeatedly during sleep due to airway blockage.
Narcolepsy
Disorder marked by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks.
Parasomnia
Undesired arousal or behaviors during sleep, e.g., sleepwalking or sleep terrors.
Sleep Terrors
Abrupt awakenings in NREM Stage 3 with intense fear and autonomic arousal.
Sleepwalking
Walking or performing actions during deep NREM sleep.
Sleep-Related Eating Disorder
Episodes of eating while asleep with little recollection.
Sexsomnia
Engaging in sexual behaviors during sleep without awareness.
Exploding Head Syndrome
Parasomnia involving perception of loud noises during sleep transitions.
Hypnosis
Cooperative social interaction producing changes in perception, memory, and behavior via suggestion.
Posthypnotic Suggestion
Instruction given during hypnosis to be acted on after trance ends.
Dissociation Theory (Hypnosis)
Proposes hypnosis splits consciousness into separate streams.
Social-Cognitive Theory of Hypnosis
Suggests hypnotized behavior results from expectations and social roles.
Meditation
Practice using mental or physical techniques to focus attention and heighten awareness.
Focused Attention Meditation
Meditative strategy concentrating on a single object or mantra.
Open Monitoring Meditation
Meditative approach observing present-moment experience without fixation.
Psychoactive Drug
Substance that alters arousal, mood, thinking, sensation, or perception.
Depressants
Drugs that inhibit or slow central nervous system activity.
Opioids (Opiates)
Pain-relieving, euphoria-producing drugs chemically similar to morphine.
Stimulants
Drugs that increase brain activity and mental alertness.
Psychedelics
Drugs that produce perceptual distortions and alter thinking and mood.
Physical Dependence
Physiological need for a drug marked by tolerance and withdrawal.
Drug Tolerance
Diminished effect of a drug requiring higher doses for same effect.
Withdrawal Symptoms
Unpleasant effects experienced when drug use is reduced or stopped.
Drug Rebound Effect
Withdrawal symptom opposite to the drug’s action (e.g., insomnia after sedatives).
Dopamine Reward System
Brain pathway activated by addictive drugs, reinforcing use.
Alcohol
Widely used depressant; lowers inhibitions, high abuse potential, dangerous at high BAC.
Barbiturates
Powerful sedatives that reduce anxiety and promote sleep; high overdose risk.
Tranquilizers (Benzodiazepines)
Less potent depressants used to treat anxiety (e.g., Valium).
Morphine
Natural opioid from opium poppy used medically for pain relief.
Heroin
Illegal, highly addictive opioid derived from morphine.
Methadone
Synthetic opioid used to treat heroin dependence and pain.
Oxycodone
Prescription opioid analgesic with high abuse potential.
Fentanyl
Very potent synthetic opioid associated with overdose deaths.
Caffeine
Common stimulant in coffee and tea that blocks adenosine receptors, promoting alertness.
Nicotine
Stimulant in tobacco that increases alertness and is highly addictive.
Vaping
Inhalation of aerosol from e-cigarettes to deliver nicotine or cannabis compounds.
Amphetamines
Stimulants that increase CNS activity and suppress appetite; include prescription and illicit forms.
Methamphetamine
Illegal amphetamine producing long-lasting euphoria and severe brain damage risk.
Cocaine
Illegal stimulant blocking reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.
Mescaline
Psychedelic compound from peyote cactus causing sensory distortions.
Psilocybin
Psychedelic chemical in "magic mushrooms" producing altered perception.
LSD
Synthetic psychedelic mimicking serotonin, producing profound perceptual changes.
Flashback (Drug)
Recurrence of a psychedelic experience after the drug has worn off.
Marijuana (THC)
Cannabis product whose active ingredient tetrahydrocannabinol alters perception and mood.
Anandamide
Endogenous neurotransmitter that binds THC receptors involved in pain regulation.
MDMA (Ecstasy)
Synthetic club drug with stimulant and mild psychedelic effects; releases serotonin.
Hyperthermia
Dangerously high body temperature possible with MDMA or PCP use.
Dissociative Anesthetics
Drugs like PCP and ketamine that produce detachment from reality and pain insensitivity.
Stimulus Control Therapy
Behavioral treatment for insomnia pairing the bedroom only with sleep to improve onset.