Chapter 4 – Consciousness and Its Variations (Hockenbury & Nolan, 10th ed.)

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Vocabulary flashcards summarizing essential terms and definitions from Chapter 4 on consciousness, sleep, hypnosis, meditation, and psychoactive drugs.

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94 Terms

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Consciousness

Personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and the external environment.

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Attention

Capacity to selectively focus awareness on particular stimuli, thoughts, or sensations.

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Dualism (Descartes)

Philosophical view that mind and body are separate, with the mind controlling the body.

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Introspection

Early psychological technique of looking inward to examine one’s own conscious experience.

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Freud’s Unconscious

Hypothesized reservoir of repressed desires and instincts outside conscious awareness.

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Cognitive Unconscious

Modern concept of unexperienced mental processes that influence thoughts, choices, and emotions.

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Minimal Consciousness

Low-level sensory awareness and responsiveness to stimulation.

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Full Consciousness

State in which one is fully aware and able to report mental content.

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Self-Consciousness

Attention focused on oneself as the object of awareness.

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Altered State of Consciousness

Condition in which awareness differs noticeably from waking consciousness (e.g., drug state, brain trauma).

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Unity (Consciousness)

Property by which consciousness is experienced as an integrated whole.

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Selectivity

Property of consciousness that filters information, focusing on what is relevant.

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Intentionality

Quality of consciousness being directed toward an object or idea.

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Transience

Tendency of consciousness to continually shift focus from one thing to another.

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Perceptual Constancy

Perception of objects as constant despite changes in sensory input (size, shape).

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Inattentional Blindness

Failure to notice visible stimuli when attention is engaged elsewhere.

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Change Blindness

Inability to detect large visual changes in a scene due to limited attention.

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Cocktail-Party Effect

Ability to focus on one conversation amid many, illustrating selective attention.

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Multitasking

Dividing attention across tasks, often reducing performance on each.

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Automatic Processing

Well-learned tasks performed with little conscious guidance (e.g., walking).

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Controlled Processing

Tasks requiring focused attention and conscious effort (e.g., learning to drive).

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Blindsight

Ability of cortically blind individuals to respond to visual stimuli without conscious seeing.

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Priming

Unconscious exposure to information that influences later perceptions or behavior.

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Circadian Rhythm

Biological cycle about 24 hours long regulating sleep, hormones, and other functions.

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Melatonin

Pineal hormone that promotes sleep; production suppressed by bright light.

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Jet Lag

Desynchronization of circadian rhythms due to rapid travel across time zones.

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EEG (Electroencephalogram)

Recording of brain’s electrical activity used to study sleep stages.

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Beta Waves

Fast brain-wave pattern associated with alert wakefulness.

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Alpha Waves

Slower brain waves seen during relaxed wakefulness or drowsiness.

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Theta Waves

Brain waves characteristic of light NREM sleep (Stage 1 & 2).

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Delta Waves

Slow brain waves dominant in deep NREM Stage 3 sleep.

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Hypnagogic Hallucinations

Vivid sensory experiences occurring at sleep onset.

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Myoclonic Jerk

Sudden muscle spasm that often accompanies sleep onset.

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Sleep Spindle

Burst of rapid brain activity in NREM Stage 2 sleep.

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K-Complex

Large, high-voltage wave occurring in NREM Stage 2 sleep.

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REM Sleep

Sleep phase with rapid eye movements, active brain, dreaming, and muscle paralysis.

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NREM Sleep

Non-rapid-eye-movement sleep encompassing Stages 1–3; quiet and dreamless.

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Sleep Cycle

Recurrent pattern of NREM and REM sleep lasting about 90 minutes.

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REM Rebound

Excess REM sleep following deprivation of REM.

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Microsleep

Brief, involuntary episode of sleep lasting seconds, often from deprivation.

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Activation-Synthesis Model

Theory that dreams result from brainstem activation and cortical synthesis of meaning.

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Neurocognitive Model of Dreaming

View that dreams mirror waking concerns and reflect personality and interests.

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Manifest Content

Freud’s term for the surface storyline of a dream.

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Latent Content

Freud’s hidden, symbolic meaning of a dream.

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Insomnia

Chronic difficulty falling or staying asleep or feeling rested.

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Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Breathing stops repeatedly during sleep due to airway blockage.

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Narcolepsy

Disorder marked by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks.

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Parasomnia

Undesired arousal or behaviors during sleep, e.g., sleepwalking or sleep terrors.

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Sleep Terrors

Abrupt awakenings in NREM Stage 3 with intense fear and autonomic arousal.

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Sleepwalking

Walking or performing actions during deep NREM sleep.

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Sleep-Related Eating Disorder

Episodes of eating while asleep with little recollection.

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Sexsomnia

Engaging in sexual behaviors during sleep without awareness.

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Exploding Head Syndrome

Parasomnia involving perception of loud noises during sleep transitions.

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Hypnosis

Cooperative social interaction producing changes in perception, memory, and behavior via suggestion.

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Posthypnotic Suggestion

Instruction given during hypnosis to be acted on after trance ends.

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Dissociation Theory (Hypnosis)

Proposes hypnosis splits consciousness into separate streams.

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Social-Cognitive Theory of Hypnosis

Suggests hypnotized behavior results from expectations and social roles.

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Meditation

Practice using mental or physical techniques to focus attention and heighten awareness.

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Focused Attention Meditation

Meditative strategy concentrating on a single object or mantra.

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Open Monitoring Meditation

Meditative approach observing present-moment experience without fixation.

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Psychoactive Drug

Substance that alters arousal, mood, thinking, sensation, or perception.

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Depressants

Drugs that inhibit or slow central nervous system activity.

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Opioids (Opiates)

Pain-relieving, euphoria-producing drugs chemically similar to morphine.

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Stimulants

Drugs that increase brain activity and mental alertness.

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Psychedelics

Drugs that produce perceptual distortions and alter thinking and mood.

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Physical Dependence

Physiological need for a drug marked by tolerance and withdrawal.

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Drug Tolerance

Diminished effect of a drug requiring higher doses for same effect.

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Withdrawal Symptoms

Unpleasant effects experienced when drug use is reduced or stopped.

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Drug Rebound Effect

Withdrawal symptom opposite to the drug’s action (e.g., insomnia after sedatives).

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Dopamine Reward System

Brain pathway activated by addictive drugs, reinforcing use.

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Alcohol

Widely used depressant; lowers inhibitions, high abuse potential, dangerous at high BAC.

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Barbiturates

Powerful sedatives that reduce anxiety and promote sleep; high overdose risk.

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Tranquilizers (Benzodiazepines)

Less potent depressants used to treat anxiety (e.g., Valium).

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Morphine

Natural opioid from opium poppy used medically for pain relief.

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Heroin

Illegal, highly addictive opioid derived from morphine.

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Methadone

Synthetic opioid used to treat heroin dependence and pain.

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Oxycodone

Prescription opioid analgesic with high abuse potential.

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Fentanyl

Very potent synthetic opioid associated with overdose deaths.

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Caffeine

Common stimulant in coffee and tea that blocks adenosine receptors, promoting alertness.

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Nicotine

Stimulant in tobacco that increases alertness and is highly addictive.

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Vaping

Inhalation of aerosol from e-cigarettes to deliver nicotine or cannabis compounds.

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Amphetamines

Stimulants that increase CNS activity and suppress appetite; include prescription and illicit forms.

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Methamphetamine

Illegal amphetamine producing long-lasting euphoria and severe brain damage risk.

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Cocaine

Illegal stimulant blocking reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.

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Mescaline

Psychedelic compound from peyote cactus causing sensory distortions.

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Psilocybin

Psychedelic chemical in "magic mushrooms" producing altered perception.

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LSD

Synthetic psychedelic mimicking serotonin, producing profound perceptual changes.

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Flashback (Drug)

Recurrence of a psychedelic experience after the drug has worn off.

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Marijuana (THC)

Cannabis product whose active ingredient tetrahydrocannabinol alters perception and mood.

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Anandamide

Endogenous neurotransmitter that binds THC receptors involved in pain regulation.

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MDMA (Ecstasy)

Synthetic club drug with stimulant and mild psychedelic effects; releases serotonin.

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Hyperthermia

Dangerously high body temperature possible with MDMA or PCP use.

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Dissociative Anesthetics

Drugs like PCP and ketamine that produce detachment from reality and pain insensitivity.

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Stimulus Control Therapy

Behavioral treatment for insomnia pairing the bedroom only with sleep to improve onset.