Main Group chemistry

chamberlain

Alkali metal OS

+1

Alkali metal traits

highly reactive

ve easily given up

reacts vigorously with water to make H2 gas

Li and O2?

important for battery technologies

reacts with O2 as a oxide

Na

reacts with O2 as a peroxide

the rest of group 1, from K down

reacts with O2 as superoxide

Oxide

O^2-

peroxide

O₂^2-

superoxide

O₂^-

alkaline earth metals OS

+2

alkaline earth metal traits

low density

low melting and boiling points

low solubility

form basic oxides

Be

in relation to rest of group 2

smaller

harder

higher melting point

higher ionization energy

more covalent bonding

less reactive than family members

amphoteric oxide

Ma, Ca

biologically important

lower solubility

which means that they are responsible for hard water

Ba

toxic

absorbs x ray

not very soluble at low conc

useful for gastrmedicine

Ra

radioactive

group 13 OS

+1 or +3g

group 13 traits

soft and relativly reactive metals

aluminum oxide

Al₂O₃

basis for various precious gems

B

not a metal

supports 6e- in valance, octet excpetion

can form dimers

chemisty similar to Si

Ga

higher density liquid

low melting point

group 14 OS

+2 or +4

-4 for C and Si

group 14 traits

can form covalent bonds to nonmetals

C

can for pi bonds

basis for life

allotropes → diamond, graphite, fullerenes

Si

Si-O bonds are stronger than Si-Si bonds

basis for geological world

Ge

rare

semiconductors

Sn

soft metal

silvery color

allotropes → white tin, grey tin, brittle tin

Pb

soft

toxic

low melting point

group 15 OS

multiple, not a common one

N

can be stable or highly reactive (N2 gas vs TNT)

can form pi bonds

important for → DNA, nitrogen fixation, atmosphereic reactions

P

larger

can have expanded octet

present in ATP and ADP and impornat in fertilizer

As

toxic

semi metal

Bi

heavy

not very toxic

good subsitute for lead in some applications

group 16 OS

0 for O₂

-1 for peroxides O2^-

-2 → most common for rest of family

O

found in two molecular forms, O₂ and O₃

O₃ is toxic but used for water treatment and odor treatment

S

stinky

can be used for chemical weapons

over 30 solid allotropes

S₈ makes a ring structure

Po

radioactive

lethal

also present in tobacco

group 17 OS

-1

group 17 traits

atomic forms not found in nature

high electronegativity

so they form polar covalent bonds

form oxyacids with oxygen

ex HCLO, HCLO2, HCLO3 etc

F

small

highest electronegativity

important for dental care

gives CFCs and PFASs stability

At

radioactive

longest lived isotope lasts 8.3 hours

group 18 OS

0

can be different thoughgru

group 18 traits

typically lwo reactivity

colorless

oderless

nuetral

low melting and boiling point

He

forms no compounds

very light

escapes our atmosphere like H2 gas

important for experiments but there could be a shortage

Ne

No coumpounds

luminescent with a current

Ar

major component of air

forms some compounds

Kr and Xe and Rn

many stable compounds possible with expanded octects

Rn

radioactive