unit 9

Social psychology

Studies how behaviors of an individual or group is influenced by others

Attribution

Explaining someone's behavior by crediting the situation or the persons deposition or personality

Dipositional attribution

Persons behavior caused by internal factors personality traits

Situational attribution

Persons behavior caused by external factors such as environment & situation

Fundamental Attribution error

Tendency to overemphasize disputional factors as explinations for other people behoviors underestimate situational factors

Actor observer bias

Attributing other peoples behavior to internal factors while attributing your own behavior to the situation

Self serving bias

When something good happens to you you tend to make disposition attribution but when something bad happens you tend male situational abtribrution

Explanatory style

The way people try to explain cause of events

Optimistic explanatory style

Tend to pub a positive spin on events weather good or bad

Pessimistic explanatory style

Tend to put a negative spin on events weather good or bad

Just world hypothesis

. Beliefs people get what they deserve good people get positive outcomes & bad people get negative outcomes

Collectivist culture and individual cultures

1. Bring Connor to family work together use like to make fundamental attribution aware of situational

2- independence growth more likely to commit o fundamental attribution error and self serving bias

Halo effect

Tendency for an impression created in one area to influence opinion in another area

Attitude

. thoughts or feelings about someone/something that influences how we respond to that someone/something

ELABORATION LIKELIHOOD MODEL

2 paths of persuasion: central and peripheral

• CENTRAL ROUTE TO persuasion

• persuasion is direct, using factual info & logical arguments...requires target to be attentive...causes lasting change in attitude

.PERIPHERAL ROUTE TO PERSUASION

persuasion is indirect, using emotional appeal ...doesn’t require target to be attentive...causes temporary change in attitude

PERSUASION = 

 

process of changing our attitude towards something

FOOT-IN-THE-DOOR PHENOMENON

persuasion strategy…tendency for people who first agree to a small request to later agree to a larger request

DOOR-IN-THE-FACE PHENOMENON

persuasion strategy…tendency for  people who first deny a large request   to later agree to a smaller request

Cognitive dissonance

psychological tension, anxiety, and discomfort that occurs when your behavior doesn’t match your attitude

.CONFORMITY

tendency for people to adopt behavior, attitudes, beliefs of other members of group...can be in response to real or imagined group pressure

SOLOMON ASCH’s CONFORMITY EXPERIMENTS

demonstrates group majority can have big influence on individual’s judgment (WATCH VIDEO)

Confederates

 

(actors that secretly pretend to be participants in experiment) 

who intentionally gave wrong answerA

Normative social influence

Conform to group to fit in and feel good and be accepted

Informational social influence

Conform due to belief that group is skilled or knowledgeable especially in uncertain situation

STANLEY MILGRAM’s OBEDIENCE

participants gave other people stronger and stronger shocks because authority figure told them to do so… showed surprising degree to which we obey authority (WATCH VIDEO)

Obedience

Taking action in response to a person of authority figure or person of high status

Factors that promote obedience

American society places high value on obedience to people in authority = parents, teachers, police, employers, politicians

FACTORS THAT REDUCE obedience _

• If someone else refuses to obey, you’ll be more likely to disobey as well

Social role

pattern of behavior expected of a person in a role such as parent, student, waiter, e

Social norms

unwritten rules of behavior that are considered acceptable in a group or society

Script

person’s knowledge about sequence of events expected in specific setting

De individualization

becoming so involved in a group that you…

• lose self-control, getting caught up in crowd mentality and act like crowd, 

even when it behaves badly

• feel a sense of anonymity, feeling you can’t be singled-out

• lose sense of personal responsibility: group’s to blame so consequences for you as individual won’t be as drastic

PHILIP ZIMBARDO’s STANFORD PRISON EXPERIMENT 

studied deindividuation by having students play the roles of prisoners and guards

INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATIONAL (I/O) PSYCHOLOGISTS

apply psychological concepts to workplace to optimize employee performance and job satisfaction

SOCIAL FACILITATION

tendency for an individual’s performance to improve when simple or well-rehearsed tasks performed in presence of others

SOCIAL INHIBITION

tendency for an individual’s performance to decline when complex or poorly-learned tasks are performed in the presence of others

SOCIAL LOAFING

making less effort to achieve a goal when working in a group

BYSTANDER EFFECT

onlooker doesn’t volunteer to help victim/person in distress because

DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY

feeling less responsible for taking action when others are around, assuming someone else step in

Group polarization

tendency for group that holds same opinion to strengthen their opinion after group discusses topic

Groupthink

people want consensus (agreement) within group so set aside personal beliefs to adopt opinion of group, often leading to poor decision making

False consensus effect

 tendency to overestimate how much others have same beliefs and behaviors as us

Social trap/ social dilemma

situation in which conflicting groups, each pursuing their own self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

Prisoners dilemma

social trap in which 2 prisoners, each acting in their own self-interest, worsen the punishment