technical drafting tesda

Footing

is an expansion at the lower end of a wall, pier, or column to distribute or spreads the load into the ground or soil

Stakes

are wooden sticks or posts driven to the ground

Batter Boards

are wood sticks nailed horizontally to the stake.

Level transit

is for establishing reference point.

Plastic water hose

which is transparent and ¼"Ø filled with water to establish level of horizontal lines.

String or chord

for connecting established points.

Shallow excavation

includes wall footing, and column footings, whether they are independent, or combined and for which digging of the soil extends to 1.50 meters.

Deep excavation

is for large building projects as this requires almost total extraction of the soil at the site. This requires sheeting and shoring of the ground to project adjoining properties. The process is defined as providing temporary support to the structure or ground during excavation.

Foundation

are important components in the construction of a building. It is the foundation that carries the load of the building.

Spread Foundation

includes all those types where the load is distributed into the soil by slender vertical members of timber, concrete, or steel called piles.

Pier Foundation

is one where the load is distributed into the soil by slender vertical members of timber, concrete, or steel called piles. It is in this foundation were concrete piers

Slab Foundation

is a solid slab of concrete poured directly on the ground with footings placed where extra support is needed.

Cellar

the portion of a building between floor and ceiling which is wholly or partly below grade and so located that the vertical distance from grade to the floor is equal to or greater than the vertical distance from grade to ceiling

T-foundation

consists of a footing upon which is placed a concrete wall or a concrete block wall forming an inverted T. This type of foundation is popular in structures with basement.

Mat Foundation

assembles a mat in that the foundation is spread over the entire area of the building floor.

Footing

is a portion of the foundation of a structure which directly distributes the weight of a building over large area.

Concrete

is commonly used for footings because it can be poured to maintain a firm contact with the supporting soil.

Piers and Columns

are vertical members usually made of concrete, brick, steel, or wood. They are used to support the floor systems and can be used as sole support of the structure.

Footings and columns

carry the load of the building resting on the foundation.

Wall footing

is a footing which supports a wall by extending along the entire length of the wall.

Isolated footing

is one which supports a single column, post, pier, or other concentrated load.

Combined footing

is one which supports two column loads, or sometimes three column loads not in a row.

Cantilever footing

is one which supports two column loads and consists of two footings connected by a beam often called a strap.

Continuous footing

is one which supports a row of three or more columns.

Raft or mat footing

is one which extends under the entire building area and supports all the wall and column loads from the building.

Compression Test

determines behavior of materials under crushing loads.

Concrete Slump Test

is an empirical test that measures the workability of fresh concrete. It measures the consistency of the concrete in that specific batch. The test is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple procedure.

Concrete

the term for a mixture of cement, lime water, aggregate and other approved materials

Floor Joist

parts of floor system placed on the girders where the floorboards are fastened

Dead Load

refers to all the weight in a structure made up of immovable materials.

Framing

is the wood skeleton of a building constructed one level on top of another.

Girder

is the horizontal beam or structural piece which supports the floor joints or walls over opening

Heel Plate

is the plate at the end of a truss.

Hip Roof

is a roof with four sloping sides.

Jack Rafter

is a short rafter, usually used on hip roofs.

Joist

is a horizontal structural member that supports the floor system or ceiling system.

Lally Column

is a steel column used to support girders and beams.

Pier

is a block of concrete supporting the floor of a building.

Pilaster

is a decorative column attached to a wall.

Piles

are long posts driven into the soil in swampy locations upon which the foundation footing is laid.

Pillar

is a column used for supporting parts of a structure.

Lintel

a type of beam or girder that is placed over an opening in a wall, which supports the wall above

Purlins

are horizontal structural members which hold rafters together.

Ridge

is the top edge of the roof where rafters meet.

Slab

is a foundation reinforced concrete and foundation floor.

Mezzanine floor

term for the partial intermediate floor of a building with an area of not more than 1/2

Span

is the distance between structural supports.

Valley

is the internal angle formed by two slopes of a roof.

Valley Jacks

is a rafter that runs from a ridge board to a valley rafter.

Valley Rafters

is the diagonal rafter forming the intersection of two sloping roofs.

Load Bearing Wall

walls that support or carry loads as in exterior walls

Wall bearing

a type of wall which supports any load other than its own weight

Non-load bearing wall

does not carry or support a load as in partitions or interior walls.

sill

is a wood member fastened to the beam by anchor bolts. It may also be fastened to a foundation wall.

trimmer

carries an end portion of a header in a stairwell while a header supports the cut off joist at a stairwell hole. The flooring refers to the tongue and groove wood common as flooring materials.

Shed or Lean-to

is the simplest form

Gable or pitch

is the most common type and economical.

Saw-tooth roof

is an adaptation of a series of lean-to roofs

A double gable

is a gable roof modified.

Hip roof

has the sides sloping and used in modern houses.

Hip and valley roof

is a combination of hip and gable.

Pyramid roof

is a modification of the hip.

gambrel roof

is a modified gable roof having two slopes.

mansard roof

has the sides of the roof slope steeply on each side.

Ogee roof

is a pyramid having steep sides sloping to the center.

Dome

is a hemispherical type of roof commonly used in observatory buildings.

French or concave mansard roof

is a modified mansard roof where the sides are concave.

Common rafter

extended at right angles from the plate or girt to the ridge.

Hip rafter

are laid diagonally from the corners of a plate to the ridge.

Valley rafter

does not extend from the plate or girts to the ridge.

Octagonal rafter

are those placed on an octagonal.

Jack rafters

this makes up the frame between the hip rafter and the girt.

Purlins

it is a structural member placed on top of the rafters or top chord of a truss. It supports the roof sheathing

Valley jack

is the frame between the ridge and the valley rafter.

Cripple jack

is that between the hip and valley rafter.

Cut stringer

used in modern building design.

Cleated stringer

used for very rough work.

Rabbeted stringer

adopted for fine work.

Built up

Stringer - with blocks cut from outside stringers.

Baluster

a small post supporting the handrail or a coping

Handrail

it is a rail running parallel with the inclination of the stairs. It holds the baluster

Ramp

it is a slope surface that rises and twists simultaneously

T-square

it is a T shape instrument

Compass

It is an instrument to draw an arc or circles

Triangle

it is an instrument forming line

Drawing Table

it is a flat board spread to draw

Monitor

it is a type of computer hardware

Array

It is a command to create a copy object or follow pattern

Chamfer

It is a command to connect object

M Line

It is a command to multiple line

X Line

It is a command to create infinite line

Offset

New object to specify distance

Move

Displays and specify direction

Block

It is a set of metal list group together in compound object

Explode

It is a command on its component

Copy

Duplicate an object