3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4

Gunpowder empires

Empires that rose by the use of guns to conquer others.

Gutenberg printing press

One of the first printing presses ever made.

Ivan IV

Ruler who was crowned tsar in 1547 in Russia.

Qing dynasty

Founded by the powerful Manchu and ruled until 1911.

Emperor Kangxi

One of China’s longest reigning emperors, ruling from 1661 to 1722.

Emperor Qianlong

Ruled after Kangxi and was knowledgeable in art and calligraphy.

Ghazi ideal

Model for warrior life that blended nomadic culture and the willingness to fight from Islam.

Mehmed II

Known as the Conqueror and was the leader of the Ottomans.

Suleiman I

Ruled the Ottomans at the peak of their power.

Ismail

Safavid military hero.

Shah Abbas

Ruled the Safavid Empire at its height.

Castes

Strict social groupings designated at birth.

Divine right of kings

Belief that the right to rule was given from God.

Justices of the peace

Officials selected by the landed gentry to provide justice.

English Bill of Rights

Signed by William and Mary which assured individual rights.

Absolute

Directed by one source of power.

Cardinal Richelieu

Minister of Louis XIII.

Intendants

Royal officials.

Louis XIV

Known as the Sun King.

Tax farmers

People who oversaw collection of taxes.

Romanov dynasty

Took control of Russia in 1613.

Peter the Great

Leader of the Romanovs.

Devshirme

Ottoman sultans' system to staff military and government.

Janissaries

Famous group of Christian boys in the Ottoman Empire who formed elite forces.

Daimyo

Landholding aristocracy in Japan.

Edo

City in modern-day Tokyo.

Period of Great Peace

Mid 19th century Japan.

Akbar

Mughal ruler.

Delhi

Capital of the Mughal Empire.

Zamindar

Paid government officials.

Askia the Great

Ruler of Songhai.

Shah Jahan

Builder of the Taj Mahal.

Martin Luther

Monk in Wittenberg, Germany.

Indulgences

Granted a person absolution from the punishments of sin.

Simony

Selling of church offices.

95 Theses

Martin Luther’s charges against the Church.

John Calvin

French theologian who started Calvinism.

Elect

Those predestined to go to heaven.

Puritans

People who wanted to purify the Church of England from Catholic remnants.

Protestant Reformation

Various reform efforts against the Catholic Church.

Anglican church

Church free of the control of the Pope of Rome.

King Henry VIII

Started the Anglican Church.

Anne Boleyn

Woman King Henry VIII wanted to marry.

Charles V

Powerful emperor of the Roman Empire.

Holy Synod

Church created by Peter where clergymen answered to the tsar.

Counter Reformation

Efforts to reform the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation.

Inquisition

Christian efforts to root out and punish nonbelievers founded in the 12th century.

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus.

Council of Trent

Addressed and fixed some of the Church’s abuses.

Edict of Nantes

Allowed Huguenots to practice their faith.

Thirty Year War

Conflict that lasted thirty years and devastated the world economy.

Peace of Westphalia

Period which came after the Thirty Year War.

Shariah

Strict Islamic law.

Sikhism

A new religion developed from old beliefs of Hinduism and Sufism.