Unit 1 Biology (From Lectures!!)

This is the complete list of vocab from the end of each slideshow presented in lectures.

1000 Genome Project

* Frequently Displayed on Maps
* Launched to establish a deep catalogue of human genetic variation

Pie Graphs

* The pie graphs represent the frequency of something in different populations
* Each circle is a pie chart showing the frequency of something

Scatterplot

Line of Best Fit

Autotroph

An organism that can produce its own food from raw materials and energy

Ways to obtain Vitamin D

1. via Photosynthetic Reaction
2. diet (Dairy, Fish)

Eukaryote

* Multi-cellular
* possesses a defined nucleus

Prokaryote

* Uni-cellular
* lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Phenotype

Anything that results in a outward or observable manifestation on/in the organism

Examples of Phenotypic Traits

* Shape of protein
* Efficiency of Enzyme
* Amount of Enzyme Produced
* Shape of Cell
* Function of tissue
* Susceptibility to a disease

Genotype

Anything at the DNA level

Examples of genotypes

* Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein
* Sequence of DNA that doesn't code for a protein
* Presence / Absence of a mutation
* Length of a gene
* Number of copies of a gene
* Number of copies of a chromosome

When did the “genomic era” of biology begin?

2001

What does “GWAS” stand for?

Genome-Wide Association Studies

What does GWAS allow you to identify?

* The sequence of DNA in an organism
* Connections between genotypes and phenotypes
* The size of an organism’s genome

SNP

Single nucleotide polymorphism

Exon

coding sequence of eukaryotic genes

Intron

non-coding sequence of eukaryotic genes

DNA is a unique molecule with a relationship between

structure & function

DNA structure includes its

* chemistry
* subunits
* polarity
* stoichiometry
* 1D,2D,3D appearance

DNA function

* Store information
* Maintain information
* Express information
* Transmit information
* Be configured/rewritten

dNTP

deoxynucleoside triphosphate

DNA subunits

* nitrogenous base(A,G,T,C)
* five-carbon sugar
* phosphate group

DNA micromolecule

nucleotide

DNA polymer

* two long polymers of nucleotides
* runs anti-parallel
* forms double-helix

Purine

* double-ringed structure
* nitrogenous base
* A and G

Pyrimadine

* single-ringed structure
* nitrogenous base
* T, C, and U(RNA)

Who Discovered DNA is a double helix

* Watson
* Crick
* Franklin

van der Waals forces

* The weak attraction between two atoms (electron cloud of one atom interact with the nucleus of the other)

Covalent bond

* strong chemical bond based on the sharing of electrons between 2 atoms

How can nucleotides be broken?

* Heat
* Enzymes

Phosphate attached to

5’ end

Sugar attached to

3’ end

Condensation Reaction

Covalent bonding between C3 and the phosphate of a nucleotide

Transmission Genetics

The study of how phenotypic traits are passed between generations

Central Dogma of Biology

Genetic information flows in only one direction. DNA, RNA, protein

Origin of Replication

* The location of a specific DNA sequence where DNA replication begins.
* Eukaryotes can have multiple
* Prokaryotes only have one

\

Helicase

* An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix (requires energy)


* Binds to ssDNA within the replication bubble

Leading Strand

* continuously replicating strand
* 3’ - 5’ direction

Lagging Strand

* discontinuous replication strands
* 5’ - 3’ direction

RNA Primer

* A short nucleic acid sequence that initiates DNA synthesis

Molecular Genetics

The study of molecular bases of:

* genetic information
* hereditary transmission
* conversion to phenotypes(expression)

Primase

An enzyme that synthesizes short RNA sequences called primers

DNA polymerase

An enzyme that is responsible for forming new copies of DNA

Topoisomerase

An enzyme responsible for reducing supercoils in DNA by breaking and rejoining DNA fragments

Single Stranded Binding Proteins(SSBPS)

stabilize unwound strands

Blue Pie Graph

25%

Green Pie Graph

2\.5%

Red Pie Graph

.25%

Somatic mutations

* A permanent genetic change in a somatic cell
* These mutations affect only the individual; not passed onto offspring

Germ line mutations

* A mutation in a cell that produces gametes
* A gamete with the mutation passes it on to a new organism at fertilization

Loss of function mutation

* A mutation that results in the loss of a functional protein
* May cause a gene to not be expressed at all

Gain of function mutation

* A mutation that results in a protein with a new function
* Alters function of protein

Point mutation

* A mutation that results from the gain, loss, or substitution of a single nucleotide (base pair)

Transition

* purine nucleotide replaced by another purine
* pyrimidine nucleotide replaced by another pyrimidine

Transversion

* purine nucleotide replaced by pyrimidine
* pyrimidine nucleotide replaced by purine

Silent mutation

A change in a gene’s sequence that has no effect on the amino acid. Does not change the amino acid that correlates with the codon

Missense

A change in a gene’s sequence that changes the amino acid at that site in the encoded protein

Nonsense mutation

Base pair mutation causing mRNA sense codon to become a stop codon

Loss of stop mutation

Base pair mutation cause mRNA stop codon to become a sense codon

Frame shift mutation

the addition or deletion of a single or two adjacent nucleotides in a gene sequence(non-functional protein)

Chromosomal rearrangements

large changes in the sequence of DNA caused by breakage and rejoining of DNA molecules

Deletion

Mutation resulting from loss of continuous segment of gene/chromosome

Duplication

Mutation in which segment of a chromosome is duplicated

Inversion

Rare 180 degree reversal of DNA sequence within a segment of a gene or chromosome

Translocation

Rare mutational event that moves a portion of a chromosome to a new location

Spontaneous mutations

permanent changes in the genetic material without any outside influence

Induced mutation

permanent change in the genetic material with a mutagen (outside agent)