This is the complete list of vocab from the end of each slideshow presented in lectures.
1000 Genome Project
Frequently Displayed on Maps
Launched to establish a deep catalogue of human genetic variation
Pie Graphs
The pie graphs represent the frequency of something in different populations
Each circle is a pie chart showing the frequency of something
Scatterplot
Line of Best Fit
Autotroph
An organism that can produce its own food from raw materials and energy
Ways to obtain Vitamin D
via Photosynthetic Reaction
diet (Dairy, Fish)
Eukaryote
Multi-cellular
possesses a defined nucleus
Prokaryote
Uni-cellular
lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Phenotype
Anything that results in a outward or observable manifestation on/in the organism
Examples of Phenotypic Traits
Shape of protein
Efficiency of Enzyme
Amount of Enzyme Produced
Shape of Cell
Function of tissue
Susceptibility to a disease
Genotype
Anything at the DNA level
Examples of genotypes
Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein
Sequence of DNA that doesn't code for a protein
Presence / Absence of a mutation
Length of a gene
Number of copies of a gene
Number of copies of a chromosome
When did the “genomic era” of biology begin?
2001
What does “GWAS” stand for?
Genome-Wide Association Studies
What does GWAS allow you to identify?
The sequence of DNA in an organism
Connections between genotypes and phenotypes
The size of an organism’s genome
SNP
Single nucleotide polymorphism
Exon
coding sequence of eukaryotic genes
Intron
non-coding sequence of eukaryotic genes
DNA is a unique molecule with a relationship between
structure & function
DNA structure includes its
chemistry
subunits
polarity
stoichiometry
1D,2D,3D appearance
DNA function
Store information
Maintain information
Express information
Transmit information
Be configured/rewritten
dNTP
deoxynucleoside triphosphate
DNA subunits
nitrogenous base(A,G,T,C)
five-carbon sugar
phosphate group
DNA micromolecule
nucleotide
DNA polymer
two long polymers of nucleotides
runs anti-parallel
forms double-helix
Purine
double-ringed structure
nitrogenous base
A and G
Pyrimadine
single-ringed structure
nitrogenous base
T, C, and U(RNA)
Who Discovered DNA is a double helix
Watson
Crick
Franklin
van der Waals forces
The weak attraction between two atoms (electron cloud of one atom interact with the nucleus of the other)
Covalent bond
strong chemical bond based on the sharing of electrons between 2 atoms
How can nucleotides be broken?
Heat
Enzymes
Phosphate attached to
5’ end
Sugar attached to
3’ end
Condensation Reaction
Covalent bonding between C3 and the phosphate of a nucleotide
Transmission Genetics
The study of how phenotypic traits are passed between generations
Central Dogma of Biology
Genetic information flows in only one direction. DNA, RNA, protein
Origin of Replication
The location of a specific DNA sequence where DNA replication begins.
Eukaryotes can have multiple
Prokaryotes only have one
Helicase
An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix (requires energy)
Binds to ssDNA within the replication bubble
Leading Strand
continuously replicating strand
3’ - 5’ direction
Lagging Strand
discontinuous replication strands
5’ - 3’ direction
RNA Primer
A short nucleic acid sequence that initiates DNA synthesis
Molecular Genetics
The study of molecular bases of:
genetic information
hereditary transmission
conversion to phenotypes(expression)
Primase
An enzyme that synthesizes short RNA sequences called primers
DNA polymerase
An enzyme that is responsible for forming new copies of DNA
Topoisomerase
An enzyme responsible for reducing supercoils in DNA by breaking and rejoining DNA fragments
Single Stranded Binding Proteins(SSBPS)
stabilize unwound strands
Blue Pie Graph
25%
Green Pie Graph
2.5%
Red Pie Graph
.25%
Somatic mutations
A permanent genetic change in a somatic cell
These mutations affect only the individual; not passed onto offspring
Germ line mutations
A mutation in a cell that produces gametes
A gamete with the mutation passes it on to a new organism at fertilization
Loss of function mutation
A mutation that results in the loss of a functional protein
May cause a gene to not be expressed at all
Gain of function mutation
A mutation that results in a protein with a new function
Alters function of protein
Point mutation
A mutation that results from the gain, loss, or substitution of a single nucleotide (base pair)
Transition
purine nucleotide replaced by another purine
pyrimidine nucleotide replaced by another pyrimidine
Transversion
purine nucleotide replaced by pyrimidine
pyrimidine nucleotide replaced by purine
Silent mutation
A change in a gene’s sequence that has no effect on the amino acid. Does not change the amino acid that correlates with the codon
Missense
A change in a gene’s sequence that changes the amino acid at that site in the encoded protein
Nonsense mutation
Base pair mutation causing mRNA sense codon to become a stop codon
Loss of stop mutation
Base pair mutation cause mRNA stop codon to become a sense codon
Frame shift mutation
the addition or deletion of a single or two adjacent nucleotides in a gene sequence(non-functional protein)
Chromosomal rearrangements
large changes in the sequence of DNA caused by breakage and rejoining of DNA molecules
Deletion
Mutation resulting from loss of continuous segment of gene/chromosome
Duplication
Mutation in which segment of a chromosome is duplicated
Inversion
Rare 180 degree reversal of DNA sequence within a segment of a gene or chromosome
Translocation
Rare mutational event that moves a portion of a chromosome to a new location
Spontaneous mutations
permanent changes in the genetic material without any outside influence
Induced mutation
permanent change in the genetic material with a mutagen (outside agent)