AP HUG unit 1

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Reference Maps

Maps that show where places are, such as political and physical maps.

Thematic Maps

Maps that show data about places, including choropleth, dot distribution, graduated symbol, cartogram, isoline, and topographical maps.

Scale

The size of the area being studied in geography.

Numerical scale

A ratio of distance on the map to the real world, e.g., 1 cm = 100 km.

Descriptive scale

Scale described in words, such as 'global scale' or 'local scale'.

Formal Region(Uniform)

A region based on a defined criterion that is uniform throughout, like state boundaries.

Functional Region(Nodal)

A region based on a connection to a node, such as a city and its commuting zone.

Vernacular Region(Perceptual)

A region based on people's perceptions, like 'the South' in the U.S.

Natural Resource

Products of nature that are used by humans, such as fossil fuels and plants.

Renewable resource

A resource that is used slower than it is produced by nature, e.g., wind and solar energy.

Non-renewable resource

A resource that is consumed faster than it is produced by nature, such as coal and oil.

Environmental Determinism

The theory that the natural environment determines the development of human societies.

Possibilism

The idea that humans can adapt and modify their activities to their environment.

Sustainability

The capacity to continue a practice in the long term.

GIS (Geographic Information System)

Software used to store, analyze, and map geographic data.

GPS (Global Positioning System)

A technology that uses satellites to provide location data.

GLONASS

The Russian equivalent of the Global Positioning System (GPS).

Remote Sensing

Technology that detects patterns or information from a distance.

Mercator Projection

A map projection that preserves shape and direction but distorts size near the poles.

Goode’s Homolosine Projection

A map projection that preserves area and minimizes distortion of land masses.

Robinson Projection

A compromise projection that distorts all aspects slightly to show a balanced view of the world.

Absolute distance

The straight line distance between two places.

Relative distance

The time, cost, or ease associated with traveling between two places.

Absolute location

The exact coordinates of a place.

Relative location

The location of a place in relation to other places.

Density

The number of objects in a specified area.

Pattern

The arrangement of objects in space.

Clustering

A spatial pattern where objects are grouped together.

Dispersal

A spatial pattern where objects are spread out.

Random

A spatial pattern where objects are distributed without a discernible pattern.

Place

A location that has unique qualities.

Space

The area where activities take place.

Distance Decay

The principle that interaction decreases as distance increases.

Time-space Compression

The impact of technology on making places seem closer together.

Flows

Interactions between places, such as trade, communication, and cultural exchange.

Common scales, Largest to smallest

• Global – entire world

• Regional – by region/continent

• National – by country

• Subnational – by state/province

• Local – by city

Economic Activity

How people use natural resources to produce, move, and sell goods and services.

Types of economic activity

• Agriculture: uses plants, animals, water, land.

• Energy production: uses fossil fuels, wind, water.

• Manufacturing: uses minerals/plants/animals as inputs to make products.

• Transportation: moves people/goods; relies on fossil fuels and land/water routes.