CA10

These flashcards cover critical concepts related to nutrient metabolism, cholesterol, and type 2 diabetes based on lecture materials.

What is the key factor that triggers insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells?

Increased blood glucose levels.

What hormone is produced by pancreatic beta cells?

Insulin.

What condition is characterized by insulin resistance and deficient insulin secretion?

Type 2 diabetes.

What are the fates of glucose during nutrient surplus?

Glycogenesis and lipogenesis.

What is the physiological role of ketone bodies?

They serve as an alternative energy source during fasting or diabetes.

How does cholesterol function in the body?

As a membrane component and precursor molecule for steroid hormones and bile salts.

What is the effect of metformin in type 2 diabetes treatment?

It inhibits gluconeogenesis and increases insulin sensitivity.

What are the main types of drugs used in managing type 2 diabetes?

Sensitisers (like metformin), secretagogues (like sulphonylureas), and GLP-1 receptor agonists.

What is a common consequence of poor insulin sensitivity?

Hyperglycemia.

What metabolic disorder is often associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes?

The Metabolic Syndrome.

What is the process by which ketone bodies are produced?

Ketogenesis.

Why does hypercholesterolemia occur?

Due to a shortage of LDL receptors and/or lifestyle factors.

What are the three main ketone bodies?

Acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone.

Describe one genetic risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes.

Mutations in genes involved in insulin secretion such as GLUT2 or glucokinase.

How does the body respond to high blood LDL cholesterol levels?

The liver increases LDL receptor expression to remove LDL from circulation.

What health risks are associated with type 2 diabetes?

Increased risk for cardiovascular diseases and complications related to metabolic syndrome.

What role do lipoproteins play in cholesterol metabolism?

They transport cholesterol and are taken up by the liver.

How does insulin deficiency impact ketone body production?

Insulin deficiency leads to increased gluconeogenesis and subsequently enhances ketone body production.

What is the significance of the ATP/ADP ratio in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion?

A higher ATP/ADP ratio indicates increased cellular activity that stimulates insulin release.