Studied by 13 people
equation to find energy of a photon when given photon velocity
E = hv
E = energy of photon
h = plank’s constant
v = photon velocity
equation to find energy of a photon when given wavelength
E = (hc)/λ
find number of photons from energy in the pulse and energy in 1 photon
energy in pulse (J) / energy in 1 photon (J)
relationship between energy, frequency, and wavelength
length and frequency inverse relation, length and energy inverse relation, frequency and energy correlated relation
explain the bohr atom and energy release
electrons can only exist at specific quantized distances from nucleus
higher distance from nucleus = higher potential energy
when an electron falls from a high energy n level to a lower energy n level, there is a release of energy
the release of energy from transitions between orbits create an emission of light
find speed of a wave
v = f * λ
find velocity of an electron from wavelength
λ = h / (m*v)
m is mass in kilograms
wave and particle nature of light
only light above a certain threshold frequency can dislodge electrons
light shone on a metal releases electrons
light energy comes in “packets”, showing it is quantized amounts
4 quantum numbers
n: determines overall size and energy
l: shape of orbital, # of nodes, =n-1
ml: orientation of orbital, =-l … +l
ms: spin of electron, +-1/2
periodic trend for size
downwards bigger, right smaller
ionization trend on table
downwards decreases, right increases
electronegativity trend on table
downwards decreases, right increases
electronegativity scale
0 - 0.4 nonpolar covalent
0.4 - 2.0 polar covalent
>2.0 ionic
subtract electronegativity of bonding elements to find electronegativity of molecule
how to name ionic molecules
cation + anion + “ide”
if it is transition metal, add charge to the cation
how to name covalent compounds (not oxyanions)
prefix + element 1 + prefix + element 2 + “ide”
if first element has a prefix of “mono”, don’t say it
how to name oxyanions
base name + “ate”
+ 1 oxygen, add prefix “per”
- 1 oxygen, add suffix “ite”
- 2 oxygen, add prefix “hypo” and suffix “ite”
how to name binary acids
“hydro” + nonmetal + “ic” + “acid”
how to name oxyacids
if ends with “ate”: anion + “ic" + “acid”
if ends with “ite”: anion + “ous” + “acid”
electron configuration for cations
start from neutral electron configuration
remove highest n level first
remove p electrons before s electrons
transition metals: electrons go to d before s
exceptions for neutral electron configuration
Cr: 1 electron in each valance orbital
Cu: 1 electron in 4s orbital, electron is moved to fill all 3d orbitals
calculate wavelength from frequency
wavelength = c / f
find molarity
amt of solute (moles) / amt of solution (L)
dilution equation
M1V1 = M2V2
volume and pressure relationship
inversely proportional
volume and temperature relationship
directly proportional
volume and moles relationship
directly proportional
ideal gas law
PV=nRT
V = liters
P = atm
T = kelvin
n = moles
R = 0.08206 L*atm/mol*K
partial pressure equation
Ptotal = Pa + Pb + Pc …
Ptotal = (RT/V)(na + nb + nc …)
mole fraction equation
Pa / Ptotal = na / ntotal
root mean square velocity
M = √(3RT)/M
R = 8.314
T = kelvin
M = molar mass
rate of effusion
Ra / Rb = √(Mb / Ma)
R = rate of gas
M = mass of gas
heat capacity equation
q = C*∆T
C = J/°C
specific heat capacity
q = mc∆T
energy change of a reaction
∆H = ∆E + P∆V
what is standard state?
1 atm, 25°C
enthalpy of reaction
∆H° = ∆Hf°(products) - ∆Hf°(reactants)
Note 
Flashcard (30)