Physical Science - Q3 Exam

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Neutralization

Chemical reaction that occurs when the H3O+ ions from an acid react with the OH- ions from a base to produce water molecules and a salt.

Carbohydrate

Compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that have 2x as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms.

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA; essential biological polymer found in the nuclei of cells that codes and stores genetic information.

Lipid

Fats, oils, and related compounds make up a group of organic compounds.

Nucleic acid

An organic polymer that controls the activities and reproduction of cells.

Nucleotide

Complex molecules that make up DNA and that contain 1 of 4 organic bases, a sugar, and a phosphate unit.

Acid

A substance that produces hydrogen ions in a water solution.

Base

A substance that produces hydroxide ions in a water solution.

Hydronium ion

H30+ ion, forms when an acid dissolves in a water and H+ ions interact with water.

Hydroxide

OH- ion, forms when a base dissolves in water.

Indicator

Organic compound that changes color in acids and bases.

Buffer

A solution that resists changes in pH when limited amounts of acid or base are added.

PH

A measure of the concentration of hydronium ions in a solution using a secure ranging from 0-14, with 0 being the most acidic and 14 being the most basic.

Strong acid

Any acid that dissociates almost completely in a solution.

Strong base

Any base that dissociates completely in a solution.

Weak acid

Any acid that only partly dissociates in solution.

Weak base

A base that does not dissociate completely into ions in solution.

Salt

Compound formed when negative ions from an acid combine with positive ions from a base.

Soap

Organic salts with nonpolar, hydrocarbon ends that interact with oils and dirt and polar ends that helps them dissolve in water.

Titration

Process in which a solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration of another solution.

Protein

Large organic polymer formed by organic monomers called amino acids.

Organic compound

Most compounds containing the element: carbon.

Inorganic compound

Any substance in which 2 or more chemical elements are combined, nearly always in definite proportions.

Boiling point

The temperature at which the pressure of the vapor in the liquid is equal to the external pressure acting on the surface of the liquid.

Heat of fusion

The energy required to change a substance from solid to liquid at its melting point.

Heat of vaporization

The amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas.

Kinetic theory

An explanation of how the particles in gases behave.

Melting point

The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid.

Plasma

Matter that has enough energy to overcome not just the attractive forces between its particles but the attractive forces within the atoms.

Sublimation

The process of a solid changing directly to a gas without forming a liquid.

Thermal expansion

An increase in the size of a substance when the temperature is increased.

Beoyancy

The ability of a fluid to exert an upward force on an object immersed in it.

Pressure

Force exerted per unit area.

Viscosity

The resistance of a fluid to flowing.

Boyle's law

If you decrease the volume of a container of gas and hold the temperature constant, the pressure from the gas will increase.

Charles law

The volume of a gas increased with increasing temperature, as long as the pressure on the gas does not change.

Bias

Occurs when the scientist's expectations changes how the results are analyzed or the conclusions are made.

Constant

A factor that does not change.

Control

The standard by which the test results can be compared.

Dependent variable

Its value changes according to the changes in the other variables.

Experiment

Tests the effect of one thing on another using control.

Hypothesis

A possible explanation for a problem using what you know and what you observe.

Independent variable

The variable changed to see how it will affect the dependent variable.

Model

Represents an idea, event, or object to help people better understand it.

Scientific law

A statement about what happens in nature and that seems to be true all the time.

Scientific method

The pattern of investigation procedures.

Theory

An explanation of things or events based on knowledge gained from many observation and investigations.

Variable

A quantity that can have more than a single value.

What is the first step of the scientific method?

State the problem.

What is the second step of the scientific method?

Gather information.

What is the third step of the scientific method?

Find hypothesis.

What is the fourth step of the scientific method?

Test hypothesis.

What is the fifth step of the scientific method?

Analyze data.

What is the sixth step of the scientific method?

Draw conclusion.

What does PTV stand for?

Pressure, temperature, volume.

Who created the law about pressure?

Charles.

Who created the law about temperature?

Boyle.

Who created the law about volume?

Gay-Lussac.

What is the formula for pressure?

V1/T1 = V2/T2

What is the formula for temperature?

P1V1=P2V2

What is the formula for volume?

P1T1=P2V2

What is the unit for pressure?

kPa.

What is the unit for temperature?

Kelvin (K) (celsuius + 273).

What is the unit for volume?

mL or L.

What is the 4 polymers in order?

Protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrates, lipids.

What is the monomer for protein?

Amino acid.

What is the monomer for nucleic acid?

Nucleotides.

What is the monomer for carbohydrate?

Saccharides.

What is the monomer for lipid?

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

What numbers at on the pH scale?

0-14.

What numbers are strong acids?

0-2.9.

What numbers are weak acids?

3-6.9.

What numbers are weak bases?

7\.1-10

What numbers are strong bases?

10\.1-14.

What number(s) are neutral?

7\.

What are the 6 strong acids?

HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4.

HBr

Hydrobromic acid.

HI

Hydroiodic acid.

HCl

Hydrochloric acid.

HNO3

Nitric acid.

H2SO4

Sulfuric acid.

HCLO4

Perchloric acid.

What is an example of strong acids?

Lemons and stomach acid.

What is an example of weak acids?

Vinegar, tomatoes, bananas, and shampoo.

What is an example of strong bases?

Milk of magnesia, ammonia, and lye.

What is an example of weak bases?

Blood, ocean water, eggs, and soap.

How do you decide if a substance is an acid?

It has to have an H in the front; -ic in the back. It turns indicators red.

How do you decide if a substance is a base?

It has an OH in the back.

Strong base

A base with any element in group 1 or 2 on the periodic table

Red litmus paper turns _____ in a base.

Blue.

Blue litmus paper turns _____ in a base.

Blue.

Red litmus paper turns _____ in an acid.

Red.

Blue litmus paper turns _____ in an acid.

Red.

In a strong acid equation, what way does the arrow point to?

Right.

In a weak acid equation, what way does the arrow point to?

Double arrows.

In a weak base equation, what way does the arrow point to?

Double arrows.

In an strong base equation, what way does the arrow point to?

Right.

The stronger the ___ concentration is, the lower the pH and the more acidic the solution.

H+.

What is an organic compound?

Any compound that contains carbon.

What is an example of an organic compound?

Paper and cotton.