35 and 41

When dehydrated human patients need to be given fluids intravenously, they are given:

Saline at a concentration that is isotonic with respect to body fluids.

The sodium ion is at the highest concentration in:

Extracellular fluid.

Cells in a hypertonic solution tend to:

Shrink due to water loss.

The macula densa is/are:

Cells present in the DCT and collecting tubules.

The osmolarity of body fluids is maintained at:

300 mOsm.

The gland located at the top of the kidney is the gland:

Adrenal.

Active transport of K+ in Malpighian tubules ensures that:

Both a and b (water follows K+ to make urine, osmotic balance is maintained between waste matter and bodily fluids).

Contractile vacuoles in microorganisms:

Can perform many functions, one of which is excretion of metabolic wastes.

Flame cells are primitive excretory organs found in :

Flatworms.

BUN is :

Blood urea nitrogen.

Human beings accumulate before excreting nitrogenous waste:

Urea.

Renin is made by :

Granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Patients with Addison's disease :

Lose salts and water.

Which hormone elicits the “fight or flight” response?

Epinephrine.

Neurons contain , which can receive signals from other neurons:

dendrites

A(n) neuron has one axon and one dendrite extending directly from the cell body:

bipolar

Glia that provide myelin for neurons in the brain are called :

oligodendrocytes

Meningitis is a viral or bacterial infection of the brain. Which cell type is the first to have its function disrupted during meningitis?

microglia

For a neuron to fire an action potential, its membrane must reach :

the threshold of excitation

After an action potential, the opening of additional voltage-gated channels and the inactivation of sodium channels, cause the membrane to return to its resting membrane potential:

potassium

What is the term for protein channels that connect two neurons at an electrical synapse?

gap junction protein

Which of the following molecules is not involved in the maintenance of the resting membrane potential?

calcium cations

The lobe contains the visual cortex:

occipital

The connects the two cerebral hemispheres:

corpus callosum

Neurons in the control motor reflexes:

spinal cord

Phineas Gage was a 19th-century railroad worker who survived an accident that drove a large iron rod through his head. If the injury resulted in him becoming temperamental and capricious, what part of his brain was damaged?

frontal lobe

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system causes:

an increased heart rate

Where are parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies located?

brainstem

is released by motor nerve endings onto muscle:

Acetylcholine

Parkinson’s disease is caused by the degeneration of neurons that release :

dopamine

medications are often used to treat patients with ADHD:

Stimulant

Strokes are often caused by :

blood clots or burst blood vessels

Why is it difficult to identify the cause of many nervous system disorders?

all of the above

Why do many patients with neurodevelopmental disorders develop secondary disorders?

Dysfunction in the brain can affect many aspects of the body