lecture 21 biochem

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24 Terms

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Epimers

Sugars that differ in configuration at only one specific carbon atom.

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Enantiomers

Stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other.

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Polysaccharides

Carbohydrate polymers made up of many monosaccharide units.

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Disaccharides

Sugars formed from the combination of two monosaccharides through glycosidic bonds.

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Glycosidic bond

Covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group.

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Cyclic forms of D-Glucose

The two forms (alpha and beta) of glucose formed through a reaction between the aldehyde and hydroxyl groups.

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Pyranoses

Six-membered ring forms of sugars that result from the reaction of a hydroxyl group with a keto group.

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Furanoses

Five-membered ring forms of sugars that result from the reaction of a hydroxyl group at C-5 with a keto group.

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Haworth perspective formulas

A more accurate representation of cyclic sugar structures than Fischer projections.

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O-glycosidic bond

A covalent bond joining two monosaccharides through their hydroxyl groups.

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Reducing end

The end of a sugar chain where the free anomeric carbon is located.

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Homopolysaccharides

Polysaccharides made up of only one type of monosaccharide.

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Heteropolysaccharides

Polysaccharides made up of two or more different monosaccharides.

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Glycoproteins

Proteins that have oligosaccharide chains covalently attached.

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Glycosaminoglycans

Heteropolysaccharides in the extracellular matrix consisting of repeating disaccharide units.

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Metabolism

The sum of all biochemical processes that occur within a living organism.

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Catabolism

The metabolic process that breaks down molecules to release energy.

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Anabolism

The metabolic process that builds up molecules, requiring energy.

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ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

The primary energy carrier in cells.

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Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water.

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Glycolysis

The first step in glucose metabolism where glucose is broken down to pyruvate.

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Krebs cycle

A series of reactions in the mitochondria that produce energy through the oxidation of acetate.

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Electron transport chain

A series of protein complexes that transfer electrons and pump protons to generate ATP.

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Thermodynamics

The branch of physics that deals with the relationships and conversions between heat and other forms of energy.