1.2 - History of Psychological Assessment

• Han Dynasty

• Ming Dynasty

Chinese civilizations: (2)

Han Dynasty

use of test batteries

was common

Han Dynasty

Test are related to such diverse topics as civil law, military affairs, agriculture, revenue, & geography

Ming Dynasty

National multistage testing program involved a broader scope of interest

Greek Civilization

Test were used to measure intelligence & physical skills

Charles Darwin

Believed that despite our similarities, no two humans are exactly alike.

Charles Darwin

Some of these individual differences are more adaptive than others and these differences lead to more complex, intelligent organisms over time.

Francis Galton

Father of Psychometrics

Francis Galton

Introduced the Anthropometric Records of Students

Francis Galton

introduced the idea of CORRELATION

Francis Galton

pioneered the application of rating-scale and questionnaire method

Galton Bar

visual discrimination length

Galton Bar

A vertical board with rows of pegs where balls drop and bounce left or right randomly.

Galton Whistle

determining the highest audible pitch

Galton Whistle

A small adjustable whistle that produces very high-frequency sounds (sometimes too high for humans to hear).

Francis Galton

he also noted that persons with mental retardation tend to have diminished ability to discriminate among heat, cold & pain

Differential Psychology Movement - Francis Galton

Measurement of Individual Difference

James Mckeen Cattell

US Psychologist who coined the term mental test

Johan Friedrich HERBART

Father of Pedagogy

• (art and science of teaching)

Johan Friedrich HERBART

Mathematical models of the mind

Ernst Heinrich WEBER

demonstrate the existence of a psychological threshold of sensory threshold

threshold

the minimum stimulus necessary to activate a sensory system

Gustav Theodor FECHNER

Founder of Psychophysics

Weber-Fechner Law

the strength of sensation grows as the logarithm of the stimulus intesify

Wilhelm Wundt

considered one of the founder of Psychology

Wilhelm Wundt

first to set up a laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany

Edward TITCHENER

• succeeded Wundt

• brought structuralism to America

Guy Montrose WHIPPLE

Pioneer of human ability testing

Guy Montrose WHIPPLE

provided the basis for immense changes in the field of testing

• by conducting a seminar at the Carnegie Institute

Jean ESQUIROL & Edouard SEGUIN

studied language use, identified various levels of verbal intelligence

Seguin Form Board Test

was developed in an effort to educate and evaluate the mentally disabled.

Alfred BINET & Theodore SIMON

developed the first intelligence test

Binet-Simon Scale

used to assess children with intellectual disabilities

Terman

revised the Binet-Simon scale together with his colleagues from Stanford

Terman

suggested the IQ Computation

Charles SPEARMAN

credited with identifying the need to minimize measurement errors in testing

Charles SPEARMAN

conceptualized the generalized and specific factor theory of intelligence

Charles SPEARMAN

General Ability “G” and Special Abilities “S”

General Ability (G)

required for performance on mental tests of all kinds

• he called this kind of mental energy that underlies the specific factors

Special Abilities (S)

required for performance on mental test of only kind

Group Factors

factors common to a group of activities indicating intelligence

Raymond Cattell

coined the terms fluid & crystallized intelligence

Raymond Cattell

Lexical Approach

Lexical Approach

examines human language for descriptors of personality dimensions to define personality

Army Alpha

• For literate armed forces

• Verbal, numerical ability, and ability to follow directions are being measured.

Army Beta

• Nonverbal

• For non-English/ illiterate recruits during the WWI

Group Attitude Test

_____ tests were developed after WW1

Thorndike

spearheaded the development of several standardized achievement tests in public schools

Frank PARSONS

Father of Vocational Guidance

Miner

credited with the first formal interest inventory

• to assist HS students with career selection

Thorndike

development of:

• Carnegie Interest Inventory

• Strong Vocational Interest Blank

• Kuder Preference Record

Personality test

measured presumably stable characteristics or traits that theoretically underlie behavior

Traits

are relatively enduring dispositions that distinguish one individual from another

Woodworth Personal Data Sheet

the first structured personality test developed during WWI to screen military recruits

Rorschach Inkblot Test

a projective personality test where a person looks at ambiguous inkblots and says what they see.

Herman Rorschach

published the Rorschach Inkblot Test

David LEVY

Who introduced the Rorschach inkblot test to the US?

Sam BECK

Levy's student investigate the properties of the Rorschach test scientifically.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

its stimuli consisted of ambiguous pictures depicting a variety of scenes and situations.

Henry MURRAY & Christina MORGAN

TAT is developed by?

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

purported to measure human needs and thus to ascertain individual differences in motivation.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

use empirical methods to determine the meaning of a test response. The most widely used and referenced personality test.

J.R Guilford

made the first serious attempt to use factor analytic techniques

in the development of structured personality test.

J.R Guilford

Factor Analysis

Factor Analysis

method of finding the minimum number of dimension, called factors

• to account for a large number of variables

• Sanguine

• Choleric

• Melancholic

• Phlegmatic

4 Temperaments:

• Sanguine

• Choleric

• Melancholic

• Phlegmatic

• – cheerful, social

• – dominant, leader

• – thoughtful, sensitive

• – calm, relaxed

16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)

Despite its declining popularity, it remains one of the most well-constructed structured personality test

• and the important example of a test developed with the aid of factor analysis.