Eukaryotes
Nucleus surrounded by membrane; Membrane bound Nucleus. Multicellular
Prokaryotes
Unicellular; No nucleus
Acids
pH below 7
Bases
pH 7.1-14
Metabolism
the chemical reactions in the body's cells that change food into energy
Anabolism
Production of glucose using raw materials; creates molecules the body needs for functionality and it uses energy in the process
Catabolism
breaks down complex molecules and releases energy which is available for the body to use
Meter
unit of length
Homeostasis
a self-regulating process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to changing external conditions
Solute
Object that needs dissolving
Solvent
liquid(usually water) that dissolves the solute
Parfocal Microscope
a microscope that stays approximately in focus when the magnification is changed; Lense power goes from 10x to 40x to 100x.
Evolution
mutation making organism better adapted
Colloid
stays in suspension
Saturated Solution
one that has absorbed all the solute it can
Biosphere
made up of the parts of Earth where life exists
Community
A group of species living together and interacting through ecological processes
Ecosystem
A system that includes all living organisms (biotic factors) in an area as well as its physical environment (abiotic factors)
Population
A group of individuals of the same species
Adhesion
Tendency of water to cling to another surface
Cohesion
Tendency of water to cling to other water molecules
Hydrogen or Polar Bonds
interaction involving a hydrogen atom located between a pair of other atoms having a high affinity for electrons; A bond formed between two atoms with a difference in electronegativities by sharing electrons
Carbon
Every living organism has this in them
Endergonic Reactions
taking in or absorbing energy
Exergonic Reactions
Give of energy
Diffusion
particles move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached
Osmosis
The diffusion of water through a cell's membrane
Facilitated Diffusion
A form of passive transport in which molecules pass through a protein channel to enter a cell.
Endocytosis
The process by which a cell takes in large amounts of material through the enfolding of its membrane
Pinocytosis
A type of endocytosis, one in which a cell takes in large amounts of liquid
Phagocytosis
A type of endocytosis, one in which a cell takes in large amounts of food or an energy source
Hypertonic
high solute (Shrinks in size)
Hypotonic
high solvent (grows in size, bursting)
Isotonic
When the concentration of solute within a solution / cell is equal to its counterpart
Exocytosis
The process by which a cell expels waste or unwanted material through its membrane
Dialysis Bag Experiment
used as a surrogate cell membrane for a visual demonstration of osmosis and diffusion
Turgor
When a plants stem gets full of water and becomes rigid and straight
Plasmolysis
loss of water
Needed for Photosynthesis to Occur
CO2 and H20
Products of Photosynthesis
Glucose (Carbohydrate) and Oxygen
Aerobic Respiration
needs oxygen, Cellular Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
no oxygen, Glycolysis, Lactic Acid builds up
Thylakoid
location where Photosynthesis occurs
Stroma
Where the Dark Reaction occurs
Chromatography
Process of separating pigments
Food Chain
Producers to Consumers
Source of Oxygen for Photosynthesis
Water Molecules
Source of Carbon for Photosynthesis
CO2 in the air
ATP
energy that drives the metabolism process
What is the energy that fuels Metabolism?
ATP
Cuticle
Waxy coating that helps to prevent water loss from leaves
Xylem
carry water and minerals from the roots to the leaves
Phloem
Carry food from the leaf to other parts of the plant
Stomata
a circular pore with a hole in the middle for gas to enter or leave the plant
Guard Cells
These regulate the opening and closing of the stomata
When is DNA replicated?
S Phase of the cell cycle
What condition does DNA need to be in to be replicated?
Chromatin; needs to be uncoiled
Chromosome numbers in Mother Cell, daughter cell, and gametes
18 Chromosomes
Interphase
G1, 2, G2; Longest Phase of the Cell Cycle
Prophase
Contents of cell are visible
Replicated chromosomes completely condense
Nucleolus dissolves. Nuclear Envelope dissolves
Centrioles begin journey apart of opposite ends to poles.
Aster fibers and spindle fibers form between centrioles. This gives something for the sister chromatids to cling.
Longest Phase of Mitosis
Metaphase
Sister Chromatids are tugged back and forth
Sister Chromatids line up at the equator
Anaphase
Sister Chromatids separate
These are now known as chromosomes
New chromosomes move to opposite sides of cell to poles
Telophase
Aster and spindle fibers dissolve
Cell shape changes to a more oval shape
Centrioles dissolve
Cleavage furrow begins to deepen this continues
Nuclear Envelopes reform about each new nucleus. Nucleolus reforms
Centrioles reform outside nucleus
Differences in Plant and Animal cells during mitosis
In plants, a cell plate is formed, whereas in animals a cleavage is formed.
Spermatogenesis forms
4 haploid sperm
Chromatids
one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division
Centromeres
the part of a chromosome that links sister chromatids
Kinetochore
large protein assemblies that connect chromosomes to microtubules of the mitotic and meiotic spindles in order to distribute the replicated genome from a mother cell to its daughters
Chromatin
uncoiled DNA
Spindle
the structure that pulls the chromatids to opposite ends of the cell during the cell division processes of mitosis and meiosis
Dehydration Synthesis
the creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released
Hydrolysis
A chemical process of decomposition involving the splitting of a bond by the addition of water
Carbohydrates
4 calories per gram; an organic compound such as sugar or starch, and is used to store energy
Lipids
9 calories per gram. Made of Glycerol and fatty acids
Saturated Fats
a type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all single bonds; found in animals, and is solid at room temperature
Unsaturated Fats
found in plants, and is liquid at room temperature
Proteins
made of amino acids
Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides are comprised of a single simple sugar unit, glucose, fructose, or galactose, and they cannot be broken down into simple sugar units
Polysaccharides
Starch, cellulose, and glycogen; A large carbohydrate molecule
Catalase
Enzymes in all cells, breaks down Hydrogen Peroxide
amylase
Enzymes in saliva (Digestion begins in Mouth)
Mitochondria
membrane-bound cell organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions
Ribosomes
an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell
Peroxisomes
small, membrane-enclosed organelles
Chloroplast
plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process
Endoplasmic Reticulum
the transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding; a network of membranes inside a cell through which proteins and other molecules move
Golgi Apparatus
responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations
Vacuole
membrane surrounding tonoplast; an organelle in cells which functions to hold various solutions or materials
Red Blood Cells
life span = 120 days
Centrioles
a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.
What do animals store for long lasting energy?
Glycogen; Polysaccharides
Benedict’s Tests are for ? and what is the color produced?
Monosaccharides and positive color change is orange
Biurets Tests is for_ positive color change is_
Proteins and positive color change is lavender
Potassium iodide tests for_ ; positive color change_
Polysaccharides and positive color change is dark blue or dark purple