Biology Semester Exam Review

Eukaryotes

Nucleus surrounded by membrane; Membrane bound Nucleus. Multicellular

Prokaryotes

Unicellular; No nucleus

Acids

pH below 7

Bases

pH 7.1-14

Metabolism

the chemical reactions in the body's cells that change food into energy

Anabolism

Production of glucose using raw materials; creates molecules the body needs for functionality and it uses energy in the process

Catabolism

breaks down complex molecules and releases energy which is available for the body to use

Meter

unit of length

Homeostasis

a self-regulating process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to changing external conditions

Solute

Object that needs dissolving

Solvent

liquid(usually water) that dissolves the solute

Parfocal Microscope

a microscope that stays approximately in focus when the magnification is changed; Lense power goes from 10x to 40x to 100x.

Evolution

mutation making organism better adapted

Colloid

stays in suspension

Saturated Solution

one that has absorbed all the solute it can

Biosphere

made up of the parts of Earth where life exists

Community

A group of species living together and interacting through ecological processes

Ecosystem

A system that includes all living organisms (biotic factors) in an area as well as its physical environment (abiotic factors)

Population

A group of individuals of the same species

Adhesion

Tendency of water to cling to another surface

Cohesion

Tendency of water to cling to other water molecules

Hydrogen or Polar Bonds

interaction involving a hydrogen atom located between a pair of other atoms having a high affinity for electrons; A bond formed between two atoms with a difference in electronegativities by sharing electrons

Carbon

Every living organism has this in them

Endergonic Reactions

taking in or absorbing energy

Exergonic Reactions

Give of energy

Diffusion

particles move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached

Osmosis

The diffusion of water through a cell's membrane

Facilitated Diffusion

A form of passive transport in which molecules pass through a protein channel to enter a cell.

Endocytosis

The process by which a cell takes in large amounts of material through the enfolding of its membrane

Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis, one in which a cell takes in large amounts of liquid

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis, one in which a cell takes in large amounts of food or an energy source

Hypertonic

high solute (Shrinks in size)

Hypotonic

high solvent (grows in size, bursting)

Isotonic

When the concentration of solute within a solution / cell is equal to its counterpart

Exocytosis

The process by which a cell expels waste or unwanted material through its membrane

Dialysis Bag Experiment

used as a surrogate cell membrane for a visual demonstration of osmosis and diffusion

Turgor

When a plants stem gets full of water and becomes rigid and straight

Plasmolysis

loss of water

Needed for Photosynthesis to Occur

CO2 and H20

Products of Photosynthesis

Glucose (Carbohydrate) and Oxygen

Aerobic Respiration

needs oxygen, Cellular Respiration

Anaerobic Respiration

no oxygen, Glycolysis, Lactic Acid builds up

Thylakoid

location where Photosynthesis occurs

Stroma

Where the Dark Reaction occurs

Chromatography

Process of separating pigments

Food Chain

Producers to Consumers

Source of Oxygen for Photosynthesis

Water Molecules

Source of Carbon for Photosynthesis

CO2 in the air

ATP

energy that drives the metabolism process

What is the energy that fuels Metabolism?

ATP

Cuticle

Waxy coating that helps to prevent water loss from leaves

Xylem

carry water and minerals from the roots to the leaves

Phloem

Carry food from the leaf to other parts of the plant

Stomata

a circular pore with a hole in the middle for gas to enter or leave the plant

Guard Cells

These regulate the opening and closing of the stomata

When is DNA replicated?

S Phase of the cell cycle

What condition does DNA need to be in to be replicated?

Chromatin; needs to be uncoiled

Chromosome numbers in Mother Cell, daughter cell, and gametes

18 Chromosomes

Interphase

G1, 2, G2; Longest Phase of the Cell Cycle

Prophase

1. Contents of cell are visible
2. Replicated chromosomes completely condense
3. Nucleolus dissolves. Nuclear Envelope dissolves
4. Centrioles begin journey apart of opposite ends to poles.
5. Aster fibers and spindle fibers form between centrioles. This gives something for the sister chromatids to cling.
6. Longest Phase of Mitosis

Metaphase

1. Sister Chromatids are tugged back and forth
2. Sister Chromatids line up at the equator

Anaphase

1. Sister Chromatids separate
2. These are now known as chromosomes
3. New chromosomes move to opposite sides of cell to poles

Telophase

1. Aster and spindle fibers dissolve
2. Cell shape changes to a more oval shape
3. Centrioles dissolve
4. Cleavage furrow begins to deepen this continues
5. Nuclear Envelopes reform about each new nucleus. Nucleolus reforms
6. Centrioles reform outside nucleus

Differences in Plant and Animal cells during mitosis

In plants, a cell plate is formed, whereas in animals a cleavage is formed.

Spermatogenesis forms

4 haploid sperm

Chromatids

one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division

Centromeres

the part of a chromosome that links sister chromatids

Kinetochore

large protein assemblies that connect chromosomes to microtubules of the mitotic and meiotic spindles in order to distribute the replicated genome from a mother cell to its daughters

Chromatin

uncoiled DNA

Spindle

the structure that pulls the chromatids to opposite ends of the cell during the cell division processes of mitosis and meiosis

Dehydration Synthesis

the creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released

Hydrolysis

A chemical process of decomposition involving the splitting of a bond by the addition of water

Carbohydrates

4 calories per gram; an organic compound such as sugar or starch, and is used to store energy

Lipids

9 calories per gram. Made of Glycerol and fatty acids

Saturated Fats

a type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all single bonds; found in animals, and is solid at room temperature

Unsaturated Fats

found in plants, and is liquid at room temperature

Proteins

made of amino acids

Monosaccharides

Monosaccharides are comprised of a single simple sugar unit, glucose, fructose, or galactose, and they cannot be broken down into simple sugar units

Polysaccharides

Starch, cellulose, and glycogen; A large carbohydrate molecule

Catalase

Enzymes in all cells, breaks down Hydrogen Peroxide

amylase

Enzymes in saliva (Digestion begins in Mouth)

Mitochondria

membrane-bound cell organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions

Ribosomes

an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell

Peroxisomes

small, membrane-enclosed organelles

Chloroplast

plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process

Endoplasmic Reticulum

the transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding; a network of membranes inside a cell through which proteins and other molecules move

Golgi Apparatus

responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations

Vacuole

membrane surrounding tonoplast; an organelle in cells which functions to hold various solutions or materials

Red Blood Cells

life span = 120 days

Centrioles

a minute __cylindrical__ __organelle__ near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of __spindle__ fibers in cell division.

What do animals store for long lasting energy?

Glycogen; Polysaccharides

Benedict’s Tests are for ? and what is the color produced?

Monosaccharides and positive color change is orange

Biurets Tests is for_ positive color change is_

Proteins and positive color change is lavender

Potassium iodide tests for_ *;* positive color change_

Polysaccharides and positive color change is dark blue or dark purple