bio exam 3

gametogenesis

the production of sperm and eggs

meisosis

• how gametogenesis happens

spermatogenesis

production of sperm

oogenesis

production of eggs. occurs in outermost layers of ovaries

spermatocyte

cell that results in 4 sperm cells after spermatogenesis

spermatogonium/spermatogonia

stem cell under capsule of seminiferous tubule

the og cell that goes through mitosis and results in sperm cells

gonadotropic hormones

from anterior pituitary. what activates spermatogonium and sperm cell production during adolescence.

oogonium (plural: oogonia)

• germ cell. starting cell that then goes through the whole process that results in an egg cell.

• stem cells

• made during fetal development. divide via mitosis. Forms oocytes in the ovary prior to the birth of mother

primary oocyte

result of oogonium going through mitosis. goes through meiosis but stuck in prophase 1 until puberty

secondary oocyte

result of primary oocyte completing meiosis after puberty. paused in metaphase 2 until fertilization

polar body

mini cell with 1 chromosome + a little cytoplasm. basically meant to keep all the extra stuff and die. results after meiosis 1 and 2 of oogenesis

anterior pituitary hormones

@ adolescence, causes development of follicles in ovary and unpauses meiosis of primary oocyte

ovulation

• secondary oocyte travels from ovary through uterus to oviduct.

• one follicle ruptures, one egg is released

where is pubic bone

where is bladder

where is seminal vesicle and what is it

accessory gland. produces 60% of semen solution

where is rectum

where is ejaculatory duct and what is it

formed by vas/ductus deferens and seminal vesicles.

where is prostate gland

where is bulbourethral gland

where is anus

where is vas deferens/ductus deferens and what is it

carries sperm to ejaculatory duct

where is epididymis and what is it

side of sperm maturation. where sperm go to mature once they have grown tails.

where is scrotum and what is it

houses testicles + passage for blood vessels, nerves, muscles

where is testis(plural testicles) and what is it

2 wedge-shaped lobules. produce sperm + some reproductive hormones.

where is seminiferous tubules and what is it

coiled in testes. where sperm is produced and matures up until growing a tail

where is urethral opening

where is glans

where is foreskin

where is urethra

where is penis

where is corpus spongiosum

where is corpus cavernosum

where is pubic bones

septa

connective tissue dividing testicles

vasectomy

removes section of vas/ductus defernes

semen

sperm + spermatic duct secretions + fluids from accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland)

lysosomal enzymes

found in acrosome of sperm. digests egg’s protective covering so its easier for sperm to enter

where is acrosome

.

where is nucleus

.

where is head

.

where is neck

.

where is tail

.

seminal vesicle solution

what 60% of semen is made of. thick, yellow, alkaline. contains mucus, fructose, coagulating enzyme, ascorbic acid, and prostaglandins

fructose in seminal vesicle solution

sperm mitochondrial nutrient

prostaglandins in seminal vesicle solution

local-acting hormones

ovaries location

abdominal cavity

medulla

contains nerves + blood vessels to supply cortex with nutrients + remove waste

cortex (in context of ovaries)

• outer layers of cells

• functional parts of ovaries

• made of follicular cells that surround eggs during fetal development

menopause

ending of female reproductive functions

ovum

• haploid

• brief, transitional stage between diploid oocyte and diploid zygote (when sperm joins)

leutenizing hormone

triggers primary oocyte to resume meiosis.

happens right before ovulation

cytoplasm in female gamete

feeds zygote

sperm bindin proteins

responsible for sperm binding to egg

g actin polymerization

slow block to polyspermy

cortical reaction in egg

cortical reaction

cortical granules fuse with plasma membrane, releasing digestive enzyme that degrades bindin receptor proteins

capacitation

• priming

• must happen for fertilization to work

• female reproductive tract prepare sperm for fertilization

  • by improving sperm’s motility

  • deplete cholesterol molecules in membrane to thin it, causing release of lysosomal (digestive) enzymes that r needed for sperm to penetrate oocyte’s exterior

chemotaxis

sperms journey to egg

corona radiata

what sperm first makes contact with once it reaches oocyte

folliculogenesis

growth/development process of ovarian follicles.

ovarian follicles

supporting cells surrounding oocyte

atresia

oocyte death

primordial follicles

• stage 1 of follicle growth

• resting state

• small

• most common stage

• exists in all ages until menopause

granulosa cells

• single, flat layer of support cells surrounding oocyte

• flat, squamous shape

primary follicles

• stage 2 of follicle growth

• once puberty hits, a few cells a day respond to a recruiting signal and enter this phase

• immature growing cells

• granulosa cells become active and transition into a rounded cuboidal shape + grow + increase/multiply

secondary follicles

• 3rd stage of follicle growth

• granulosa cells increase in diameter and form a new outer layer of connective tissue, blood vessels, and theca cells

theca cells/ thecae folliculi

work with granulosa to produce estrogen

zona pellucida

• thin acellular membrane secreted by the primary oocyte inside the follicle.

• critical in fertilization

follicular fluid

thick fluid formed between granulosa cells that collects into atrum

atrum

large pool

tertiary follicles/ antral follicles

• 4th stage of follicle growth

• growth stimulated by FSH

corpus luteum

what remaining cells develop into after oocyte bursts out of follicle

testes

pair of male reproductive organs

produces sperm and some reproductive hormones

ovaries

female reproductive organ where ova/eggs are produced

fertilization

sperm + oocyte fuse and combine nuclei

corona radiata

• protective outer layer around secondary oocyte

• granulosa

• releases chemicals triggering sperm to swim towards egg

zona pellucida

• protective layer around oocyte

• layer under corona radiata

• surrpunds cell’s plasma membrane

• transparent, thick, glycoprotein membrane

acrosomal reaction

• sperm’s acrosome releases digestive enzymes that clear a path through the zona pellucida

acrosome

cap of the sperm, releases digestive enzymes that clear path through zona pellucida

spontaneous acrosomal reaction

• some sperm go through this

• acrosomal reaction not triggered by contact with zona pellucida

• releases enzymes that digest corona radiata