Change in a species or population over time from simple to more complex
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natural selection
the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tends to survive and produce more offspring
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natural selection
The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin and is now believed to be the main process that brings about evolution
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who was the scientist who’s theory about evolution was disproved
Lamarck
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selective breeding or artificial selection
A practice where humans **artificially select** (they choose) which animals or plants have desirable traits and will breed with each other…their offspring have similar traits
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evolution by natural selection #1
overproduction of offspring
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evolution by natural selection #2
variation exists among offspring
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evolution by natural selection #3
competition
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evolution by natural selection #4
survival of the fittest or the best adapted
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evolution by natural selection #5
the best-adapted pass on their genes to offspring
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adaptation
a characteristic that improves an organism's chance of survival
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fitness
an organism's ability to survive and pass on its genes to the next generation
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Descent with Modification
as each generation of organism reproduces, small changes may be passed on over time
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evidence of evolution #1
fossils
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evidence of evolution #2
homologous structures
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evidence of evolution #3
comparative embryology
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evidence of evolution #4
comparative biochemistry
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evidence of evolution #5
vestigial structures
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population genetics
Measuring population change over time by looking at changes in allele frequencies
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gene pool
The collection of all the alleles for every trait in a population
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what do allele frequencies add up to?
1
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genetic drift
evolution can occur in a population for reasons other than natural selection…allele frequencies will change…typically with a small population
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founder’s effect
When a small number of individuals are isolated and re-populate a new area…their new allele frequencies don’t represent the original population
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bottleneck effect
ccurs when a disaster kills a lot of a population…in the survivors, their new allele frequencies don’t represent the original population
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genetic equilibrium
If there are no mutations, no new genes introduced, no selective mating, no natural selection, and no genetic drift, a population will be at
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species can be reproductively be isolated by #1
geographic isolation
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species can be reproductively be isolated by #2
temporal isolation
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species can be reproductively be isolated by #3
behavioral isolation
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endosymbiotic theory
Eukaryotic cells developed from prokaryotic cells that lived together in a symbiotic relationship
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behavioral isolation
When two populations are capable of interbreeding but don’t since they have differences in reproductive strategies that involve behavior
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temporal isolation
time of day or season when two populations mate differs
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geographic isolation
a physical, geographic barrier isolates two populations
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