Fungus 1

Opisthokont

an eukaryotic subgroup that includes fungal lineage (holomycota) and animal lineage (holozoa) along with unicellular relatives (animal and fungus)

archaeplastida

eukaryotic supergroup containing land plants, green algae, red algae—defined by the presence of plastids (chloroplasts)

stramenopiles

microbial eukaryotes like diatoms, kelps, fungus-like oomycetes

chitosomes

specialized vesicles in spitzenkorper that transport chitin synthase to growing tip for cell wall synthesis

nucleariids

closest relatives of fungi

choanoflagellates

single-celled microorganisms that are closest living relatives of animals

expatation

features acquire functions for which they were not originally adapted for like phagocytic genes used in fungal growth

prototaxities

big ass fungi BUT not really fungi because they lack chitin. But they are filamentous

anastomosis

hyphal fusion

auxotrophy

organism inable to synthesize organic compounds for growth due to genetic mutation. Auxotrophy- x on doing shit for their self

Prototrophy

can syntehsize all required biochemical compounds. doesn’t need presupplied organic nutreints (wild type)

coenocytic

hyphae that lack a septum (branch) big long tube

when was divergence of fungi and animals

1-1.5 BYA

roles of fungi

soil formation, decomp, symbiosis, disease, food, bioremidiation

how is turgor pressure maintained

solute uptake that leads to osmosis, and biosynthesis that also leads to that

fungus have wound healing properties

prevent tip lysis (TRUE)

bidirectional source-sink nutrient allocation

mycelial networks can redirect nutrients to places of lower concentration

dimorphic fungi

grow as both yeast and hyphae—transition growth forms based on pathogenicity

plants ____, animals ____, fungi _____

photosynthesize, engulf, absorb

fungi characteristics

chitin in cell wall and ergosterol in plasma membrane

features of animal and fungi LCA

unicellular, heterotrophic, amoeboid, basal flagellum

Hyphal multicellularity is

distinct from clonal or aggregative, a new type

Fungal multicellularity evolved…

450-500 MYA at bastocladio-chytridio zoopago divergence (BCZ)

fungal multicellularity and terrestrial colonization by land plants…

happened around the same time, fungi broke up the rocks to form soil

hyphal genes are lost at a ___ frequency than other gene families

lower

evidence of budding yeast S. cerevisiae hyphal growth

pseudohyphae and shmoos

nutrient deprivation causes

sexual reproduction and psuedohyphal formation in S cerevisiae

vegetative compatibility

self/non-self recognition system that regulates ability of hyphae to fuse/interact

Emil Christian Hanson

1883—isolated brewer’s yeast via serial dilution and inclubation in still bottles

Fanny Hesse

agar plates, 1881

hyphal trafficking

microtubules—highways (long distance) and actin is short distance “roads”

beta-glucose

indigestible polymers like celulose and fungal glucans. alpha glucose—glycogen in animals

fungi use alpha-glucans to

mask beta-glucans from animal immune system since alpha is recognized as “self” in animal systems—pathogenic behavior

fungi are primary decomposer of

lignin (plant structural support)

sexual reproduction in fungi

introduces genetic diversity and increases odds of survival

20% of yeast genome is dedicated to

cell wall biosynthesis

Randy Shekman

genetic basis of secretion using budding yeast. Dont get this really tbh

macroscopic fungal structures are composed of assemplages of mycelia

fruiting bodies, rhiozmorphs, mold

what else demonstrates hyphal growth

oomycetes, slime molds, actinomycetes. Filamentous fossils precede emergence of filamentous fungi

How was fungal nomenclature complicated

Dual nomenclature, molecular phylogenetic redrawing of fungal tree, disease complex involves multiple closely related almost indistinguishable species

dual nomenclature

sexual spores and vegetative conidia of same species were identified independently

sexual phase

teleomorph

asexual stage

anamorph

how is fungal hyphal multicellualarity distinct

limited gene family expansion, fungal gene family duplication limited to transcription regulart and cell wall biosyntehesis, fungi expated phagocytosis machinery for hyphal multicellularity, STUDY MORE BC WTF THIS MEAN GIRL

Anastomosis in early state (vegetative)

fusions between germ tubes of spores as they germinate accelerates network formation

anastamosis in mature vegetative colony

hyphal fusions convert main hyphae into an interconnected network which is essentrial for intra-hyphal communication, translocation of water and nutrients, and homeostasis

anastamosis in sexual cycle

Fusions of hyphae of 2 parents entering sexual cyc

anastamosis in tissue formation

forming multicellular tissues like in fruiting bodies.

Hazards of anastamosis (vegetative compatibilitiy can aid this)

1) contamination with alien genes from defectice organelles

2) virus

3) plasmids

4) nuclear parasitism where faster dividing nuclei could steal from slower dividing individual

good model system

• easy to grow, rapid rate

• evolutionarily conserved

• stable genetics with reproducible habits

• life cycle and development understood

• cheap

• sequenced genome

Beadle and Tatum

1 gene 1 enzyme. STUDY MORE

learn wtf FRQ -WC

Cyclin and cell cycle? wtf

cell wall functions

• cell shape

• stabilizing internal conditions (osmosis and lysis prevention)

• protection from physical stress

• scaffolding-acts as an anchor for proteins

cell wall composed of

chitin, glucans, protein

fungal melanin

cell wall component that pays roll in osmoprotection, immune system

excess salt

risks da,maging proteins and structures. Compatabile solutes produced by fungus mitigate this and hjelp maintain turgor