IB Biology Unit 4b

ATP

serves as the energy currency for the cell

modified nucleotide

monomer that is ATP

mitochondria during aerobic cellular respiration

organelle and process that produces ATP

processes where ATP is used

active transport

anabolic reactions

muscle contractions

movement of the cell

ATP hydrolysis

the third phosphate breaks off creating ADP

ADP

adenine diphosphate

ADP phosphorylation

addition of a phosphate group which regenerates ATP from ADP, requires energy

light reaction

process located in the thylakoids, uses pigments to absorb light energy, and uses H2O to create O2, ATP, and NADPH used by the Calvin cycle

calvin cycle

located in the stroma, uses ATP and NADPH from the light reaction to create sugars, outputting ADP, NADP+, and sugar.

photosystems

integral protein complexes located in the phospholipid bilayer of the thylakoid membrane

chlorophyll

located in the photosystems, struck by light photons creating excited electrons

excited electrons

electrons in pigment molecules that have gained extra light energy used to create ATP

photophosphorylation

ADP is phosphorylated into ATP using light energy, produces ATP for the calvin cycle

electron carriers

NADP+ and NADPH

NADP+

where electrons end up at the end of the light reaction, empty of electrons

NADPH

formed on the stroma side of the thylakoid membrane and used for the calvin cycle

photolysis

using light energy to break water molecules in order to replace the missing electrons in the photosystem

pigment

molecules that absorb light

reflected light

what makes the color we see

chlorophyll 2

major photosynthetic pigment, reflects green

accessory pigments

xanthophyll and carotenoids

absorption spectrum

shows the wavelengths of light absorbed by a particular pigment

rate of photosynthesis

combination of all pigments absorbing light

action spectrum

shows the effectiveness of different wavelengths on photosynthesis

takes into account all pigments present in the chloroplast

paper chromatography

lab technique used to separate mixtures of substances

pigments dissolve in the solvent based on polarity

retention factor

distance traveled by sample/distance traveled by solvent

factors that limit the rate of photosynthesis

light intensity, CO2 concentration, and temperature

CO2 enrichment experiments

greenhouses and free air carbon dioxide experiments

autotroph

photosynthetic organisms

heterotroph

gets energy from other organisms

aerobic respiration

using O2 while breaking down organic molecules

anaerobic respiration

does not use O2 to break down organic molecules

mitochondrial outer membrane

contains transport proteins to move pyruvate into the mitochondria

mitochondrial inner membrane

contains ETC and ATP for oxidative phosphorylation

cristae

the folds of the mitochondrial inner membrane, increases SA:V ratio

mitochondrial inter-membrane space

small space to quickly accumulate protons

mitochondrial matrix

space inside the inner membrane, separate space w/ ideal pH and temp for specific reactions

endosymbiosis

one prokaryote engulfed another prokaryote, formed membrane bound organelles in eukaryotes

evidence for endosymbiosis

double membrane, naked and circular DNA, 70s ribosomes, independent replication

glycolysis

breaks glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules

location of glycolysis

cytoplasm

linear metabolic pathway

one enzyme that catalyses all of the reactions

energy investment phase (glycolysis inputs)

glucose, 2 NAD+, 2 ATP

energy payoff phase (glycolysis outputs)

2 pyruvates, 2 NADH, 2 ATP

krebs cycle

finishes the breakdown of glucose

location of krebs cycle

mitochondrial matrix

cyclical metabolic pathways

each reaction has a different enzyme

inputs of the kreb cycle

2 Acetyl-CoA, 6 NAD+, 2 FAD, and 2 ADP

outputs of the krebs cycle

4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP

CO2 produced in the krebs cycle

CO2 travels out of the cells and into the bloodstream

electron transport chain (ETC)

process that creates ATP

location of OxPhos/ETC

inner mitochondrial membrane

total number of ATP produced

38 ATP

versatility of catabolism

other organic molecules can also be used for cellular respiration

issues when no o2 is present

NADH cannot drop their electrons with the ETC

fermentation

regenerates NAD+ in order to allow glycolysis to continue under anaerobic conditions

alcohol fermentation

in yeast and some bacteria

uses: baking bread and alcoholic beverages

lactic acid fermentation

in humans, animals, and some bacteria

uses: yogurt, kimchi, cheese, and pickles