IB Biology Unit 4b

ATP

serves as the energy currency for the cell

modified nucleotide

monomer that is ATP

mitochondria during aerobic cellular respiration

organelle and process that produces ATP

processes where ATP is used

active transport

anabolic reactions

muscle contractions

movement of the cell

ATP hydrolysis

the third phosphate breaks off creating ADP

ADP

adenine diphosphate

ADP phosphorylation

addition of a phosphate group which regenerates ATP from ADP, requires energy

light reaction

process located in the thylakoids, uses pigments to absorb light energy, and uses H2O to create O2, ATP, and NADPH used by the Calvin cycle

calvin cycle

located in the stroma, uses ATP and NADPH from the light reaction to create sugars, outputting ADP, NADP+, and sugar.

photosystems

integral protein complexes located in the phospholipid bilayer of the thylakoid membrane

chlorophyll

located in the photosystems, struck by light photons creating excited electrons

excited electrons

electrons in pigment molecules that have gained extra light energy used to create ATP

photophosphorylation

ADP is phosphorylated into ATP using light energy, produces ATP for the calvin cycle

electron carriers

NADP+ and NADPH

NADP+

where electrons end up at the end of the light reaction, empty of electrons

NADPH

formed on the stroma side of the thylakoid membrane and used for the calvin cycle

photolysis

using light energy to break water molecules in order to replace the missing electrons in the photosystem

pigment

molecules that absorb light

reflected light

what makes the color we see

chlorophyll 2

major photosynthetic pigment, reflects green

accessory pigments

xanthophyll and carotenoids

absorption spectrum

shows the wavelengths of light absorbed by a particular pigment

rate of photosynthesis

combination of all pigments absorbing light

action spectrum

shows the effectiveness of different wavelengths on photosynthesis

takes into account all pigments present in the chloroplast

paper chromatography

lab technique used to separate mixtures of substances

pigments dissolve in the solvent based on polarity

retention factor

distance traveled by sample/distance traveled by solvent