Roman Republic Overview

Punic Wars

A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage from 264 to 146 BCE, fighting for control of the Mediterranean Sea and trade routes.

Julius Caesar

A powerful general and leader of Rome who reformed the government, expanded citizenship, and was assassinated due to fears of tyranny.

Gracchi Brothers

Two brothers from a noble family who gained political power by serving as tribunes and representing the plebeians.

Consul

Executive offices of the Roman Republic, elected for a term of one year, led legions into war.

Tribune

Officials elected to represent the plebeians, having veto power to protect their interests.

Senate

Legislative branch that advised consuls, debated foreign policy, and proposed laws, consisting of 300 members from the patrician class.

Roman Citizenship

Rights granted to citizens, including the ability to hold elected office, own property, and appeal in trials.

Optimates

Political faction supporting the Senate, typically resisting change and protecting the interests of large landowners.

Populares

Political faction that supported the assemblies and land redistribution, favoring the poor and plebeians.

Civil War in Rome

A conflict resulting from the power struggles and reforms initiated by powerful leaders like Caesar.

Assassination of Caesar

On March 15, 44 BCE, Julius Caesar was stabbed to death in the Senate due to fears he had become a tyrant.

Rome

The central city on the Italian peninsula, which became a powerful state in the Mediterranean.

Fasces

A bound bundle of rods and an axe, symbolizing a magistrate’s power and jurisdiction in ancient Rome.

First Punic War

Primarily a naval conflict where Rome won against Carthage after 23 years, gaining territory such as Sicily.

Second Punic War

Carthage, led by Hannibal, invaded Italy, achieving early victories but ultimately being defeated by Roman general Scipio.

Third Punic War

Final war that resulted in the complete destruction of Carthage in 146 BCE, solidifying Rome's power.

Legions

Military units in ancient Rome led by a consul, traditionally composed of citizens with military experience.

Triumvirate

A political alliance of three individuals, notably formed by Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus.

Twelve Tables

Legislation that formed the foundation of Roman law, engraved on bronze tablets for public access.

Social War

Conflict between Rome and its Italian allies, resulting from demands for citizenship and equal rights.