RSM exam 1

Type 1 error

The null hypothesis is actually true and the researcher concludes that it is false

Type 2 error

The null hypothesis is actually false and the researcher concludes that it is true

Measures of relative position

• Percentile ranks

• Standard scores (z scores, t scores)

Ratio scales

have an order or ranking and equal distance between measurements and cannot include negative number (someone's age, can have true 0)

Interval scales

Have an equal distance between measurements and can also include negative numbers (1=very dissatisfied, 7=very satisfied)(no true 0) 

Ordinal scales

Have an order or ranking (1st place, 2nd place)

Nominal Scales

Have no order and simply give a name or label to various categories (pitcher =1)

Validity

The extent to which a instrument accurately measures what it was designed to measure; in other words whether it accurately addresses its designed purpose

Five research perspectives

1. Application of research

2. Objectives of the research

3. The type of information sought

4. The presence of data

5. The data source analyzed

Applied research

Carried out to solve a specific problem or provide a solution to a practical question

Exploratory research

often used when the research question or problem is not particularly defined; this type of research is often aimed at clarifying concepts, gathering explanations, gaining insight, forming hypotheses (Literature review)

Predictive research

forecasts the likelihood that particular phenomena will occur in given circumstances

Empirical research

Uses data to support the development of new ideas, accounts for the majority of articles published in sport management journals

Ontology

The study of the philosophy of knowledge

Epistemology

The philosophical study of how such knowledge is acquired

Social constructivism

is rooted in the assumption that individuals seek an understanding of the world in which they live and work and that they develop subjective meanings of their experiences (often rely on open ended and qualitative methods)

The advocacy and participatory paradigm

insists that a research inquiry is intertwined with politics and a political agenda and that it contains an action agenda for reform that may change the lives of participants and researchers and the institutions in which individuals work or live

pragmatism

• Researchers who adopt the principles of pragmatism are primarily concerned with applications and solutions to problems; pragmatists focus on the research problem and on all available approaches to understanding it

Delphi questionnaire

series of increasingly probing questionnaires on an identified topic, a study that uses the opinions of experts as its primary data source

Bibliometric analysis

Research on development of topical themes and trends within an area of research

• APA provides ethical guidance for researchers in the form of five ethical principles

1. Beneficence and nonmaleficence (Do no harm)

2. Fidelity and responsibility (professional responsibly)

3. Integrity (promote accuracy, honesty, truthfulness)

4. Justice (Reasonable judgement, fairness)

5. Respect peoples right and dignity  (respect rights, privacy, confidentiality)

Fischman's 12 components of a consent form

1. Invitation to participate

2. Purpose of the research

3. Selection bias

4. Study procedures

5. Descriptions of risks and discomforts

6. Description of benefits

7. Available alternatives

8. Assurance of confidentiality

9. Financial considerations

10. Offer to answer questions

11. Noncoercive disclaimer

12. Incomplete disclosure

Conceptual framework

refers to a novel framework developed by a research that links concepts from the literature

Theoretical framework

refers to a frame work previously established in the literature

Independent variables

Various factors controlled or manipulated in the study (Input)

Dependent variables

outcome variables of the investigation, variables of interest (output)

1.  

In order to develop a conceptual framework, a researcher must address five considerations:

1. Identify the relevant concepts in the study

2. Define relevant concepts

3. Operationalize variables

4. Identify moderating and mediating variables in the study

5. Identify the proposed relationship between each of the variables

Moderating variables

Those that may influence the relationship between the independent and dependent variables (it depends on variable)

Extraneous variables

Those that may influence the results of the study despite not being of interest to the researchers, uncontrolled factor

Categorical variables

Variables with a finite or limited number of possible values, in that their finite possible values can be labeled as categories (seven days of the week)

Dichotomous variables

Categorical variables that allow just two possible values (day game or night game)

Continuous variables

(Variables with unlimited, or nearly unlimited, possible values (game attendance)

Ethnogrpahy

Strategy of inquiry in which the researcher studies an intact cultural group in a natural setting over a prolonged period of time by collecting observational and interview data

Quantitative research designs:

• Experimental: Randomly assigns subjects to either an experimental group or a control group

• Quasi-experimental: Does not randomly assign subjects to group

• Non experimental: Does not randomly assign subjects to group

Sequential mixed method

Begins with either a qualitative or quantitative method, then uses the alternative method in order to elaborate on or expand findings

Concurrent mixed methods

Merges quantitative and qualitative data

Transformative mixed-methods

Uses a theoretical lens or perspective as on overarching viewpoint within a design that contains both quantitative and qualitative data

Reliability

Refers to the consistency of the results obtained

Sampling

The process by which the researcher chooses subjects for inclusion in the study

Sampling can be broken up into two different groups

1. Probability sampling: Denotes that each unit within a population has an equal probability of being chosen

2. Non probability sampling: Does not involve random selection; it includes convenience sampling and purposive sampling

Content Validity

Face validity can be measured by experts in the content area or by prospective study participants

Criterion validity

• Predictive validity involves a comparison between the instrument and some later behavior that it predicts

• Concurrent validity compares scores on an instrument with performance on some other measures

Discriminant validity

An instrument with high discriminant validity does not correlate significantly with variables from which it should differ

Convergent validity

An instrument with high convergent validity correlates highly with other variables with which it should theoretically correlate

Two ways to disseminate research

1. Present at a conference

2. Publish in a scholarly journal