Wellbeing

LGBT households are more likely to… according to The Williams Institute?

live in poverty

LGBT people are more likely to be… according to the UK Office of National Statistics 2021

unemployed

Sexual minorities experience substantially more… than heterosexual people

bullying, harassment and sexual violence

LGBT people are up to 2-3 times more likely than heterosexual people to experience…

depression, anxiety and suicidality

Throughout the 20th century, much effort has been put into tackling discrimination by removing barriers that prevent LGBTQ+ people from participating in society. These barriers are… and examples of each include… respectively.

legal barriers and overt discrimination; laws against LGBTQ rights and violence/tolerance of violence

The theory relating to social identity and wellbeing for LGBTQ people is… which states that much of self-concept is derived from…

Social Identity Theory by Tajfel and Turner, membership in social groups to achieve a sense of belonging and self-worth

Minority Stress is stress caused by… this is either… stressors or… stressors.

prejudice and stigma; distal; proximal

Distal stressors are…

stressors from the environment

Proximal stressors are…

internalised stressors

predictors of psychological distress from distal stressors include…

living in anti-LGB biased communities and lifetime events of discrimination

predictors of psychological distress from proximal stressors include…

negative self-evaluation of one’s identity and internalised stigma

Mediation model was developed by Mays and Cochran 2001, which suggests that…

the influence of sexual orientation on mental health is mediated by experience of discrimination

microaggressions can be classified as everyday… that can be…

verbal, nonverbal and environmental slights, snubs or insults; intentional or unintentional

microaggressions communicate negative…

messages based on a persons group membership

Minority stress theory suggests that LGBT microaggressions have such a negative effect because they cause…

distrust, disconnectedness and heightened stress levels

minority stress theory can be criticised for its…

ambiguity of concepts and reliance on correlational studies

Malyon researched in relation to affirmative therapy the psychotherapeutic implications of…

internalised homphobia in gay men

Clark formulated guidelines for affirmative therapy. These were:

• therapists need to interrogate themselves for their own…

• do not imply that LGB identities are…

• recognise and work with… that all of LGB people have experienced

• work to deprogram… of LGB people

• use weight of authority to affirm LGB…

LGB feelings; pathological/undesirable; oppression; internalised stereotypes; thoughts or feelings

what is a possible problem with affirmative therapy?

it creates boundaries for treatment and limits questioning of therapist stances

despite decades of availability, affirmative therapy is hard to compare efficiency with non-affirmative therapy. the only benefit is that affirmative improves client experience by…

strengthening therapist-client relationships

Kenneth Zucker looked at…

Transgender Affirmative Therapy

Zucker suggested that transgender individuals have the right to… and counsellors must refer to individuals in ways consistent with this

self-determination

Zucker suggested that transgender individuals in affirmative therapy do not have to have… and there should be space to…

a preferable gender; change without judgement

Zuckers affirmative therapy for transgender people has been criticised for being too…

accommodating

outcomes of gender affirming treatment can range from…

social transition and puberty blockers to hormone therapy and genital surgery

a group-level support system increases resilience to stress for LGBTQ+ people because it allows for… This feeds into family acceptance which is linked to…

positive self-enhancing reappraisals regarding their identity; greater self esteem and protects against depression

an individual-level support system increases resilience to stress for LGBTQ+ people because it allows for… Disclosure is linked to this, but can be used as a strategy of…

supplanting denigrating self-evaluations; rational ‘outness’

for bisexual people, they experience less day-to-day prejudice yet…

show higher levels of depression and anxiety

the final stage in development models predicts identity commitment, as well as… This pride and positive self-identity is more than just absence of negativity and more about…

healthy coping with stigma and integration between multiple identities; social support, relationships and connectedness