ocean exploration quiz review

Amerigo Vespucci

• America is named after him

• first to realize that the Americas were a new continent

• explored all over the east of the Americas; discovered the Amazon and explored it

Ferdinand Magellan

• led the first expedition that made it around the world

• he died along the way

Sir Francis Drake

• privateer of the British

• pirate to the Spanish

Charles Wilkes

• led the United States Exploring Expedition

• discovered Antarctica and explored the Pacific

Matthew Maury

• father of physical oceanography

• made routes more efficient based on prevailing winds and ocean currents

• systems for recording oceanographic data were adopted worldwide

HMS Challenger

the expedition commonly recognized as the first devoted entirely to marine science

3 motivations that led to ocean explorations of the 15th century

economics, politics, religion

phoenicians

• established first trade routes in the mediterranean

• pioneered using the north star for navigation

what tool did the chinese invent by 1125?

the compass

what was different about James Cook’s voyages and what were the discoveries?

• goal was exploration and science, no military objectives

• discoveries of hawaii and other pacific islands

invention in 1735 that was a major breakthrough for open-ocean navigation

chronometer: allowed sailors to find their longitude out in the open ocean

types of submersibles that have been used for underwater research

• bathysphere

• bathyscaphes

• ROVs (remotely operated vehicles)

• AUVs (autonomous underwater vehicle)

• deep diving submersibles

how have submersibles and self-contained diving changed the study of the oceans? who made scuba easier to use?

• allowed scientists to go into the natural environment of ocean organisms to directly study them

• Jacques Cousteau: invented the modern scuba; allows divers to stay underwater for long periods of time & maneuver around easily

polynesians

sailed out of sight of land for thousands of miles

discoveries & accomplishments of HMS Challenger

• took the first soundings deeper than 4000 meters

• discovered & catalogued over 4700 new species of organisms

• discovered organisms in the deepest parts of the ocean

• discovered Mariana Trench