Resource security

Resource

Any part of the natural environment that can be used to meet human needs

Examples of resources

-Food
-Water
-Minerals
-Energy

Resource Peak

Maximum production rate of resource occurs
-production declines in subsequent years

Reserves

Part of resource that is available under economic and political conditions with available tech

Exploration

searching an area with intention of finding and mapping resources

Stock resource

Non-renewable resources that are finite
-eg oil

Flow resource

Resources that are renwable and can be replaced
-solar energy & timber

Critical flow resources

Sustainable energy that may be depleted by overuse
-exploited faster than replaced
-forests, plants, biomass

Non critical flow resource

'Everlasting' resources such as tides, waves, running water, wind and solar power

Resource frontier

newly colnised region where resources are discovered and bought into production for the first time

Exploitation

action of using natural resources to fullest or for most profitable use

How can stock reserves be located

Aerial and satellite remote sensing
-infared photography
-radar scanning

Where are most of the worlds minerals found

In cratons

What are cratons

A stable continet over a billion years

What are the two types of mineral content ore

Low grade ore
High grade ore

Features of low grade ore

deposits produce high waste proportion
-commonly found

Features of high grade ore

low waste but high deposit
-found isolated and difficult climates

What mining occurs when minerals are found at shallow depths

open-cast extraction

why is cornwall tin mining no longer economic

difficulty in extracting from narrow veins in hard granite masses

Whats cheaper, shaft or open cast mining

shaft mining

Why are high value mineral costs irellavent

-more value so more profit
-small bulk

Why are lower value minerals influenced by transport costs

not effecient to constantly ship out
-not as valuable

What do bulk carrier ships enable in terms of mineral transportation

enable low value ores to be transported great distances with low costs

What does the McKelvey box show

the difference between resource and reserve

When evaluating stock reserves what is increasing accessibility

is a resource accessible within technology and political laws

When evaluating stock reserves what is 'degree of global certainty'

is the resource actually there

When evaluating stock resverves, what is 'feasibilty of economic recovery'

does it have high economic value against cost of extraction

Measured reserves

mineral resource that is well established and can be estimated with confidence

indicated resource

mineral resource that is estimated with level of confidence allowing futher economic evaluation

inferred resource

mineral resource that can only be estimated on limited geological sampling

possible resource

possible mineral resources based on broad geological knowledge of undiscovered deposits
-hypothetical
-speculative

Why is south crofty mine reopening

new demand for tin due to technological advances

What are the 3 main industries

-shipping
-fishing
-natural resource exploration

what mineral is in South crofty mine

tin

what is the estimated amount of tin deposit in South crofty mine

75000 tons

How many times higher grade is south crofty tin than global average

3x higher
-1.8%

What 6 countries border the arctic

-Iceland
-Greenland
-Canada
-united states
-Russia
-Norway

What challenges face industry withkn the arctic

-few large seaports
-shallow coastal areas
-inhospitable areas
-fluctuating climate
-hazard of icebergs
-extreme weather

How will global warming impact industry in arctic

-industry will increase
-ice melts so more accesible for ships in all 3 industries

What is the international body that decides on the exploitation of Arctic

s the UN convention on the law of the sea

Why is ownership of the arctic complex

Claims over Exclusive Economic zones in the sea cross over for multiple countries making ownership and expolitation rights difficult to establish

When is it predicted that all shipping routes in the Arctic become accesible by

2040

What is ANWR and what may occur here

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Oil drillers want to drill here.

What are negatives for ANWR oil drilling

-oil spills
-caribou threatned

Positives for ANWR drilling

-1 million barrels of oil a day
-economic growth

What is mackenzie delta

area with high levels of oil and gas

Where would a mackenzie delta gas pipe travel through

Through canada to USA

positives of Mackenzie delta exploitation

-price of construction quickly over turned
-profit for provinces

Disadvantages of Mackenzie Delta

-melt permafrost
-workers face harsh climate
-complex provinces

3 main causes of uneven development

-climate
-political
-economic

how can physical factors cause uneven development

-climate
-diseases
-natural hazards
-landlocked countries
-resources

what occurs after a resource peak

resource exploitation occurs

why does resource ouput decrease resource peak

harder to extract resource and process it

Why is resource peak prediction important

so long term planning can be put into place

why is resource peak prediction hard

-measuring size and nature of reserves difficult
-constantly reassesed as society and technologies develop

what is the EIA stand for

Environmental Impact Assessment

what does the EIA do

consider environmental impacts of project/development

what comes after a EIA

EIS- environemntal impact statement
-summary of project, environemental impacts and where improvements can be made

examples of social sustainbility

-health & safety
-wellbeing checks
-checks for contamination and risk
-nearby residential development

examples of environmental sustainbility in context of resource development

-desert has little water so crucial management needed
-dam built to store and recycle water

an example of how topography can affect water resource availibility

mountains create a rain shadow
ie eastern africa recieves little water

what is continentality and how can it affect water availibilty

distance from land to sea
-landlocked countries ie central africa have no access to freshwater supplies and rely on imports

how does population growth strain water supplys

creates and increase in demand and consumption
-water is limited stock resource

How is singapore, an HIC, battling water stress

desalinating sea water so it's safe to drink

What is load shedding?

an intentional action reduce the load on the system when there is high demand. Load shedding is usually conducted during emergency periods to stop system failure

why did Scott Morrison get in controversy at the end of 2020

at cop 26 he wasn't asked to to talk as it's believed Australia are not doing enough to stop the climate crisis

Why is it easier for Australia to export fossil fuels than renewable energy

-fossil fuels can be stored on ships ect (stock resource)
-australia is an isolated country
-to transport renewable energy undersea pipes needed
-expensive and not economically viable atm

why is Australia reluctant to change to renewable energy market

have a deep history in coal mining/exportation
-large part of economy
-some claim unpatriotic to drop coal production

What is the potential for solar energy in australia

lots of people own solar panels

what are Hydroelectric dams

-Large dams
- Water flows through turbines, generating electricity
- Hoover dam

advantages of hydroelectric dam

-renewable/sustainable
-low levels of pollution
-reliable source
-creates jobs
​

disadvantages of hydroelectric dam

-destruction of habitats
-water quity degredation
-affect downstream eg decrease in irrigation

What does GERD stand for

Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam

What river is GERD located on

Nile

Benefits of GERD

-ethopias economy benefits
-job creation
-exportation of energy creates money

Disadvantages of GERD

-water decreased downstream
-egypt feel threatened as places like Cairo rely on the Nile for water supply
-decrease in irrigation for farmers on Nile

What percentage of the worls water is freshawater and how much is available to us

freshwater-2.5%
-1% available to us

How many out of 10 have access to freshwater @ home

7 out of 10

what year do scientists predict that most of the world won't have enough water to meet demand

2040

Water stress

renewable water in a country falls below 1700m3

water scarity

renewable water in a country falls below 1700m3

Why may water use in irrigation decrease

adavncement in tech
ie vertical farming

What two water uses are expecting to grow by 2050

electricity and manafacturing

what does OECD stand for

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

Why is water demand lower in HIC

Water infrastructure means little is loss to leaks
-also rapid industrialisationin NEES and LICS

Why is demand in water increasing

-growing population
-rise in water intensive industries, eg manafacturing

How many litres do Thames water supply produce

2.6 billion litres

why is demand for water growing in Greater London

population increase

Why does the climate in greater london influence water stress

one if driest areas in uk
-ag rainfall 690mm and only 250mm available for use

How does geology affect water availability in greater london?

1/3 supply from aquifiers
-low water pressure means water is struggle to pump

Whats water scarity

lack of sufficient water resources to meet demands

How does cost of obtaining water influence water price

-if cost of obtaining is high, cost of water will be high

How does demand for water influence water price

if demand is high, water price increases

How can government polices cause water price to rise

- if they want to preserve or reduce water use they will raise the price so people will use water more carefully

What percentage of freshwater goes to personal, agriculture and industry individually

8% personal
22% industry
70% Agriculture

How many litres of water does singapore use a day

2 billion

How many resvoirs does singapore have

17

What is desalination

removing salt from sea water
- reverse osmosis

challenges of desalination

-energy intensive
-expensive
-removes land
-uses land

Where is Singapore located?

Southern tip of Malaysia
-island