Separate Chemistry 2

9-Organic Chemistry and 10-Qualitative Analysis

Addition Plymerisation

The reaction in which many small molecule monomers bond together to form a long chain polymer.

Addition Reactions

A reaction in which at leat two molecules combine together to form a large molecule.

Alcohols

Orgnanic compounds containig functional group -OH. Alcohols can be oxidised to carboxylic acids and dehydrated to alkenes.

Biodegradable

Able to be broken down by living organisms.

Carboxylic Acid

Organic compound containing functional group -COOH. Carboxylic acids have typical acid properties.

Complete Combustion

Combustion carried out in sufficent oxygen. Water and carbon dioxide are the only products of the complete combustion of hydrocarbon.

Condensation Polymerisation

Reactions in which monomers join together and lose small molecules such as water. These reactions involve monomers with two functional groups.

DNA

Molecule which encodes genetic instructions for the development and functioning living organisms and viruses. Most DNA molecules are two polymer chains, made from four different nucleotides, in the form of a double helix.

Ester

The productiom of a condensation reaction between a carboxylic acid and alcohol. For example

Fermentation

A chemical process by which molecules such as glucose are broken down anaerobically. Ethanol is produced when sugar solutions are fermented using yeast.

Flame Photometer

A device used in flame photometry to identify the concentrationof metal ions in a sample.

Flame Photometry

An instrumental method used to analyse metal ions in solutions. The sample is put into a flame and the light given out is passed through a photometer. The output is a line spectrum that can be analysed to identify the metal ions in the solution and measure their concentrations.

Flame Test

Qualitaitve test used to identify metal ions (cations). Carried out by inserting a nichrome wire loop with the unkown compound on into a flame and observing the colour.

Fractional Distillation

A process used to separate a mixture of liquids. A solution of ethanol can be obtained from a fermentation mixture by fractional distillation.

Functional Group

The group of an atoms responsible for how a particular compound reacts. All compounds in the same homologous series have the same functional group.

Homologous Series

A series of compounds with the same funtional group and similar chemical properties.

Hydrocarbons

Molecules that are made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only.

Instrumental Methods

Methods used to detect and identify elements and compounds. They are accurate, sensitive and rapid.

Monomer

Small short chain molecules which can join together to form a long chain polymer.

Nanoparticles

Particles with a diameter between 1nm and 100nm, they can exhibit properties different to those for the same material in bulk.

Nucleotides

The monomers which make up DNA

Polyester

A category of polymers which contain the ester functional group in their main chian. Formed by a condensation reaction between a diol and a diacarboxylic acid.

Polymer

Large long chain molecules made up of lots of small monomers joined together by covalent bonds.

Proteins

Polymers made up of amino acid molecules.

Qualitative Analysis

Identification of the elements, ions or functional groups present in a compound.

Repeating Unit

The part of a polymer whose repetition would produce the complete polymer chain.

Saturated Hydrocarbon

A hydrocarbon compound containing only single bonds between carbon atoms. Alkanes are saturated compounds.

Starch

A polymer based on sugars.

Unsaturated Hydrocarbon

A compound that contains double or triple bonds so that it does not contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Alkenes are unsaturated compounds.