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early chem
embalming fluids, production of metal
Greeks
four elements: water, fire, air, earth and alchemy
Georg Baur
developed systematic metallurgy
Robert Boyle
preformed experiments to measure relationship between the pressure and volume of air
17th and 18th century
interest in combustion. Georg Stahl suggested phlogiston flowed out of burning material (false)
Joseph Priestley
discovered that oxygen supported combustion
Antoine Lavoisier
father of chem, las of conservation of mass, combustion involves oxygen and life process involves oxygen similarly
law of conservation of mass
mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction
Joseph Proust
law of definite proportion
law of definite proportion
given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass
Jhon Dalton
suggested that elements were composed of tiny individual particles called atoms which can’t be divided into smaller particles (solid sphere model) , a given compound always contains the same combination of atoms, and the law of multiple proportions
law of multiple proportions
when two elements form a series of compounds the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with one gram of the first element they can always be reduced to small whole numbers
Gay Lussac
measured volumes of gases react with each other under same temperature and pressure
Amedeo
Avogadro’s hypothesis , at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of different gasses contain same number of particles
JJ Thompson
studied electric discharge using cathode ray tubes, postulated the existence of negatively charged particles (electrons), determined the charge-to-mass ratio, and created the plum pudding model
Cathode ray tube experiment
ray was produced at the negative electrode and was repelled by negative pole because of the same charge
plum pudding model
spherical cloud of positive charge and electrons randomly embedded in it
Robert milkman
oil drop experiment, discovered mass of electron
Oil drop experiment
drops of oil from the atomizer became charged and using two charged plates and gravity the rate of droplets was controlled and calculated
Henri Becquerel
discovered radioactivity and types, gamma- high energy light, beta- high speed electron and alpha- particles with e 2+ charge
Ernest Rutherford
carried out an experiment on plum pudding named gold foil experiment and created a nuclear atom with positively charged nucleus
Gold foil experiment
some particles passed through, some reflected and some refracted proving that there is a dense positively charged nucleus
Daltons atomic theory
each element is made up tiny particles called atoms (true) atoms of a given element are identical (false) chemical compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine with each other (true) chemical reactions involve reorganizations of atoms (true)
Covalent bonds
share electrons
ionic bonds
oppositely charged particles attract to on another
periods
horizontal
family/groups
vertically
group 1A
+1 charge, alkali metals
group 2A
+2 charge, alkaline earth metals
group 7A
-1 charge, Halogens
group 8A
0 charge, noble gasses
Transition metals
solve for charge except, Ag+1 Zn+2 Cd +2 Al+3
Mercury (I)
Hg22+
OH-
Hydroxide
CN-
Cyanide
ClO2-
Chlorite
Acetate
C2H3O2-
permanganate
MnO4
CrO4-2
Peroxide
O2 -2
per-
four oxygens
HCl
Hydrochloric acid
HClO
hydrichlorus acid
H3PO4
phosphoric acid
H3 PO3
Phosphorous acid
-ates (not included: oxygen or fluorine)
3 or 4 oxygens depending on where it is
-ites (not included: oxygen, fluorine or carbon)
3 or 2 oxygens depending on where it is
Charges for -ates and -ites
normal except period two is shifted down two