Microbio E1 Ch 1 and 3

Microbio

study of microogranisms

Microorganisms or microbes

bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa, and algae

Ubiquitous

microbes are found everywhere

Eukaryotes

contain nuclei and arose from prokaryotes

Microbes are involved in

nutrient production and energy flow

Biotechnology

applies the power of microbes towards the manufacture of industrial products, foods, and drugs

genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology

alter genetic material to produce new products

bioremediation

microbes are used to clean up pollutants and wastes in natural environments.

pathogens

nearly 2000 microbes that cause infectious disease

microbial infections that are noninfectious

Helicobacter, causing gastric ulcers, and Coxsackie viruses, causing diabetes

Microbial cells

small, non nucleated prokaryotic variety or complex eukaryotic with nucleus and organelles

Viruses

organisms but not cells, they infect to reproduce and can only replicate inside a host cell.

Parasites

free-living microorganisms that cause damage to their hosts through infection and disease.

Leeuwenhoek

used a simple microscope to discover animalcules which led to the abandonment of spontaneous generation

abiogenesis

spontaneous generation

Scientific Method

a systematic approach to inquiry involving observation, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, and analysis to draw conclusions.

Louis Pasteur

disproved spontaneous generation and led to pasteurization

Joseph Lister

First to introduce aseptic techniques

Germ theory of disease

theory that microorganisms are the many causes of diseases

Robert Koch

proved germ theory of disease

Taxonomy

classifying living beings into categories

Nomenclature

assignment of scientific names to various taxonomic categories

Classification

arranges organisms into a hierarchy of taxa

Identification

process of discovering and recording traits of organisms so they are recognized or named and placed into a taxonomic scheme

method of assigning a scientific name

binomial systems where it is genus then species

Taxa are (broad to small)

domain, kingdom, phylum or division, class, order, family, genus, species

Woese-Fox system recognizes three domains

archaea, bacteria, eukaryoa

Archaea

simple prokaryotes that often live in extreme environments

Bacteria

typical prokaryotes

Eukarya

all types of eukaryotic organisms

five-kingdom organization

Kingdom Procaryotae (Monera), containing the eubacteria and the archaea; Kingdom Protista, containing primitive unicellular microbes such as algae, and protozoa; Kingdom Myceteae, containing the fungi; Kingdom Animalia, containing animals; and Kingdom Plantae, containing plants

coccus

spherical prokaryotic cell

diplococcus or diplococci

Pairs of spherical cells

bacillus

rod-shaped prokaryotic cell ( Genus Escherichia )

streptobacilli

chains of bacilli cells

vibriod

curved rod shape

Mycoplamsas

group of bacteria that lack a cell wall and are pleomorphic which means they come in different shapes

Spirilla

motile by flagella

spirochetes

motile by means of axial fibrils located beneath a sheath that covers the

entire surface of the cell

Nocardia

form branched filamentous cells. These cells

reproduce by fragmentation