lecture_19_KM_ch41_for_class

Types of Animal Tissues

Muscle, Nervous, Epithelial, and Connective tissues, each with distinct functions.

Homeostasis

The process of maintaining a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Osmoregulation

The maintenance of the proper osmotic pressure in bodily fluids.

Feedback Loops

Regulatory pathways that help maintain homeostasis by responding to changes in the environment.

Muscle Tissue

Cells specialized to contract, generating mechanical force.

Nervous Tissue

Complex networks of neurons that initiate and conduct electrical signals.

Epithelial Tissue

Sheets of densely packed cells that cover body surfaces and line cavities.

Connective Tissue

Tissue that connects, surrounds, anchors, and supports other tissues.

Skeletal Muscle

Striated muscle attached to bones for voluntary movement.

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscle found in the walls of hollow organs.

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary muscle found only in the heart.

Basal Lamina

A thin layer of extracellular matrix upon which epithelial cells sit.

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A network of proteins and carbohydrates that provide structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.

Homeostatic Control System

Components include set point, sensor, integrator, and effector.

Set Point

The normal value for a controlled variable in homeostasis.

Sensor

A component that monitors a particular variable in the body.

Integrator

Compares input from the sensor to the set point and determines response.

Effector

Produces a response to restore homeostasis.

Negative Feedback

A mechanism where a variable's deviation results in responses that move the variable back towards the set point.

Positive Feedback

Amplifies a response or process until a specific outcome is achieved.

Feedforward Regulation

The body's anticipatory preparation for changes in a controlled variable.

Hox Genes

Genes that control the timing and patterning of body axis development.

Tissue

An association of many cells that have a similar structure and function.

Fluid Compartments

Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid are two main fluid compartments in the body.

Aquaporins

Channel proteins that facilitate the movement of water across cell membranes.

Crenation

The shrinkage of red blood cells due to loss of water.

Hemolysis

The bursting of red blood cells when they swell.

Plasma

The fluid portion of blood, part of the extracellular fluid.

Interstitial Fluid

The fluid that exists between cells in tissues.

Epithelial Shapes

Cells may be cuboidal, squamous, or columnar depending on their arrangement.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A single layer of flattened cells, ideal for diffusion.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Multiple layers of cells that provide protection from abrasion.

Pseudostratified Epithelium

A single layer of cells that appears stratified due to differing cell heights.

Adaptation in Homeostasis

The ways organisms adjust to maintain internal balance despite fluctuating external conditions.

Thermoregulation

The process by which organisms maintain their internal body temperature within a certain range, despite external temperature variations.