Chapter 9: Biotechnology

What is biotechnology?

The use of genetic engineering to produce desired products, involving recombinant DNA that contains genes from another organism.

What is recombinant DNA?

DNA that has been artificially made by combining DNA from different organisms.

What are transgenic animals?

Animals that have been genetically modified to express human proteins for therapeutic purposes.

Give an example of a transgenic animal and its application.

A transgenic goat that produces antithrombin, which can be harvested from its milk to prevent blood clots.

What is Agrobacterium tumefaciens known for?

It is a bacterium that transfers its DNA into plants, causing tumor-like growths, which inspired genetic engineering techniques.

What are restriction enzymes?

Enzymes used by bacteria that cut DNA at specific sequences to protect against viral DNA and are crucial for genetic engineering.

What are plasmid vectors?

Plasmids used in genetic engineering to carry genes of interest and introduce them into bacteria or other cells.

What method introduces genes into plant cells using DNA-coated particles?

Gene Gun.

What technique uses electric current to introduce DNA into cells?

Electroporation.

What is transformation in genetics?

A process where some bacteria can take up naked DNA from their environment.

What are clones in biotechnology?

Cells or organisms that have identical genetic information.

What products are commonly produced using E. coli in biotechnology?

Insulin, growth hormones, and various vaccines.

What are the benefits of genetic modification in agriculture?

Improves crop yield and longevity by enhancing resistance to pests or delaying ripening.

What ethical concerns exist around genetic modifications?

Controversy over 'Frankenfoods' and health concerns related to genetically modified organisms.

What is gene therapy?

A technique for curing genetic diseases by inserting healthy genes into patients' cells.

What historical case illustrates the use of gene therapy?

Treatment of severe combined immune deficiency in patients using gene insertion via viruses.

What is CRISPR technology?

A gene editing technology that allows precise modifications of DNA sequences for improved gene therapy.

How is DNA fingerprinting used?

In forensic science and paternity testing, analyzing unique patterns in DNA sequences among individuals.

What application do nanoparticles have in biotechnology?

Targeted drug delivery, food safety, and environmental monitoring.

What role do bacteria play in nanotechnology?

Bacteria can be engineered to produce nanoparticles for various applications, including drug delivery.