A&P Chapter 11 Endocrine System
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What is the endocrine system?
Cells, tissues, organs that secrete hormones into internal environment
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What do hormones act on?
Target cells
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Do endocrine glands have ducts or are they ductless?
Ductless
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Are they slow or fast actions?
Slow
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How do hormones travel?
In the bloodstream
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What are the 3 types of hormones?
Steroids
Non steroids
Prostaglandins
Non steroids
Prostaglandins
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Describe - steroid hormone
They are fat-soluble (insoluble in water, soluble in lipids)
Passes through the cell membrane
Causes DNA to make mRNA
Proteins help with hormones
Passes through the cell membrane
Causes DNA to make mRNA
Proteins help with hormones
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Describe - non-steroid hormone
They are water soluble
Bind to receptor on cell membrane at active site
Causes proteins in cells to "turn on"
Bind to receptor on cell membrane at active site
Causes proteins in cells to "turn on"
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Describe - Prostaglandins
Regulate cells
Produced from fatty acids
Usually affect the organ where it was produced
Relaxes smooth muscle in lungs
Contracts smooth muscle in uterus and intestines
Inhibits HCL release from stomach
Regulate blood pressure
Produced from fatty acids
Usually affect the organ where it was produced
Relaxes smooth muscle in lungs
Contracts smooth muscle in uterus and intestines
Inhibits HCL release from stomach
Regulate blood pressure
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What are the 3 ways to control hormone secretion?
Hypothalamus
Nervous
Change in the Environment
Nervous
Change in the Environment
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What type of feedback is hormone secretion?
Negative
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How does hypothalamus control hormone secretion?
Release hormone that goes to anterior pituitary which then leads to other gland secreting hormones to target cells produce action
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How does nervous control hormone secretion?
Stimulates an endocrine gland directly
The gland then releases hormones which effects target cells causing action
Action comes back to nervous system
The gland then releases hormones which effects target cells causing action
Action comes back to nervous system
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How does a change in the environment control hormone secretion?
Level of substance in blood pressure changes
The gland stimulates hormones to target cells causing actions
The gland stimulates hormones to target cells causing actions
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Define - Negative feedback
Reverse the flow of the signal
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Where is the pituitary gland?
At the base of the brain on infundibulum from the hypothalamus
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What is the size of the pituitary gland?
Pea size (1 cm)
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What are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland?
Anterior and posterior lobe
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How many parathyroids are there?
4
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Locate - Adrenal gland
On top of kidney like a cap
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How many layers are there to the adrenal gland?
2
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What are the 2 layers of the adrenal gland?
The cortex and medulla
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Define - Adrenal medulla
Inner layer
Made of neurons of sympathetic nervous system
Made of neurons of sympathetic nervous system
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Define - Adrenal cortex
Outer layer
Made of epithelium tissues
Made of epithelium tissues
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True or False: The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine glands.
True
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Define - Exocrine glands (in the pancreas)
Secretes digestive juices into the intestines via the pancreatic duct
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Define - Endoocrine glands (in the pancreas)
Releases hormone into the blood stream
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What 2 hormones work together to control sugar levels?
Glucagon and Insulin
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Define - Diabetes Mellitus
Lack of insulin
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What are the 2 types of diabetes?
Type 1 and Type 2
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Define - Type 1 diabetes
Autoimmune disease - beta cells of pancreas destroyed by own white blood cells
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Describe - Type 1 diabetes
AKA juvenile diabetes
Early age (before 20 yrs old)
Symptoms occur quickly
10-15% of cases
Insulin levels are below level
Beta cells are destroyed by white blood cells
Cause is heredity
Early age (before 20 yrs old)
Symptoms occur quickly
10-15% of cases
Insulin levels are below level
Beta cells are destroyed by white blood cells
Cause is heredity
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What is the treatments for Type 1 diabetes?
Insulin shots several times a day to control blood sugar levels
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Describe - Type 2 diabetes
Adult-onset (30+ yrs old)
Symptoms occur slowly
85-90% of cases
Insulin levels are above normal
Beta cells are not destroyed
Caused by overweight
Symptoms occur slowly
85-90% of cases
Insulin levels are above normal
Beta cells are not destroyed
Caused by overweight
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Define - Gigantism
Hypersecretion of GH in children
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Define - Acromegaly
Hypersecretion of GH in adults
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Define - Dwarfism
Hyposecretion of GH in children
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What happens to endocrine glands as you age?
They shrink
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What happens to hormone production as you age?
Most decreases
PTH increases which may lead to osteoporosis
PTH increases which may lead to osteoporosis
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What controls the posterior pituitary?
Nervous
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Where do we got iodine?
Salts
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What does hypothyrodism mean?
Doesn't burn calories (larger)
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What does hyperthyroidsm mean?
Burns too much calories (skinny)
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How many hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?
6
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How many hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?
2
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How many hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?
5
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How many hormones does the thyroid secrete?
3
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How many hormones does parathyroid make secrete?
1
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How many hormones does the adrenal gland secrete?
4
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Where is Growth Releasing Hormone made?
Hypothalamus
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Where does Growth Releasing Hormone go?
Anterior Pituitary
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What is the action of Growth Releasing Hormone?
Tells the anterior pituitary to make growth hormone
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Where is Prolactin Releasing-inhibiting Hormone made?
Hypothalamus
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Where does Prolactin Releasing-inhibiting Hormone go?
Anterior Pituitary
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What is the action of Prolactin Releasing-inhibiting Hormone?
Tell anterior pituitary to stop making prolactin
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Where is Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone made?
Hypothalamus
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Where does Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone go?
Anterior Pituitary
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What is the action of Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone?
Tells anterior pituitary to make thyroid-stimulating hormone
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Where is Corticotropin-releasing Hormone made?
Hypothalamus
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Where does Corticotropin-releasing Hormone go?
Anterior Pituitary
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What is the action of Corticotropin-releasing Hormone?
Tells anterior pituitary to make adrenocotropic
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Where is Gonadotropins-releasing Hormone made?
Hypothalamus
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Where does Gonadotropins-releasing Hormone go?
Anterior Pituitary
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What is the action of Gonadotropins-releasing Hormone?
Tells anterior pituitary to make FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone)
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Where is Growth Hormone made?
Anterior Pituitary
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Where does Growth Hormone go?
Bones and body cells
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What is the action of Growth Hormone?
Make you grow
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Where is Prolactin made?
Anterior Pituitary
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Where does Prolactin go?
Mammary glands
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What is the action of Prolactin?
Stimulates milk production
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Where is Thyroid-stimulating Hormone made?
Anterior Pituitary
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Where does Thyroid-stimulating Hormone go?
Thyroid gland
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What is the action of Thyroid-stimulating Hormone?
Controls the secretion of T3 and T4
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Where is Adrenocorticotropic Hormone made?
Anterior Pituitary
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Where does Adrenocorticotropic Hormone go?
Adrenal cortex
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What is the action of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone?
Tells adrenal cotex to secrete hormones
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Where is Follicle-stimulating Hormone made?
Anterior Pituitary
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Where does Follicle-stimulating Hormone go?
Gonads (ovaries and testes)
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What is the action of Follicle-stimulating Hormone?
Productions of egg and sperm
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Where is Luteinzing Hormone made?
Anterior Pituitary
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Where does Luteinzing Hormone go?
Gonads (ovaries and testes)
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What is the action of Luteinzing Hormone?
Releases sex hormones
Releases egg in females
Gorwth of long bones
Releases egg in females
Gorwth of long bones
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Where is Antidiuretic Hormone made?
Posterior Pituitary
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Where does Antidiuretic Hormone go?
Kidneys
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What is the action fo Antidiuretic Hormone?
Save water
Don't urinate
Don't urinate
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Where is Oxytocin made?
Posterior Pituitary
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Where does Oxytocin go?
Uterus
Mammary glands
Mammary glands
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What is the action of Oxytocin?
Contract uterine walls during labor
Help mik production
Help mik production
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Where is Thyroxine(T4) made?
Thyroid
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Where does Thyroxine(T4) go?
Body cells
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What is the action of Thyroxine(T4)?
Controls metabolism
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Where is Triiodothyronine(T3) made?
Thyroid
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Where does Triiodothyronine(T3) go?
Body cells
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What is the action of Triiodothyronine(T3)?
Controls metabolism
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Where is Calcitonin made?
Thyroid
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Where does Calcitonin go?
Bones
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What is the action of Calcitonin?
Lowers blood calcium levels by making bones
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Where is Parathyroid Hormone made?
Parathyroid
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Where does Parathyroid Hormone go?
Bones
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What is the action of Parathyroid Hormone?
Raises blood calium levels by breaking down bones
Note 
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