15/16 - Stereotypes and Prejudice

What is defined as “attitude or evaluation that is typically negative toward a group and its members”?

Prejudice

What is defined as “belief about the personal attributes of a group of people”?

Stereotype

What is “unjustifiable negative behaviour toward a group or its members”?

Discrimination

True or false: the # of hate crimes in the U.S. has decreased the past decade

False

What is defined as “glorifying one’s own group while vilifying others”?

Ethnocentrism

What are the 3 perspectives on how stereotypes arise?

Economic, motivational, and cognitive

Robber’s Cave Experiment is an example of what perspective on how stereotypes arise?

Economic

What is the theory that group conflict and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups for resources?

Realistic group conflict theory

True or false: Differences in prior history is required for intergroup hostility

False

What is defined as “tasks that require cooperation between groups”?

Superordinate goals

Minimal group experiments are an example of what type of perspective on why stereotypes arise?

Motivational

Groups based on something random

Minimal group

The “we” aspect of our self-concept that involves group memberships

Social identity

What is the tendency for people to experience pride in the successes of others whom we are associated with?

Basking in reflected glory

What perspective on how stereotypes arise “identifies roots of intergroup hostility in competing interests that can pit groups against each other”?

Economic

What perspective on how stereotypes arise “psychological needs that lead to intergroup conflict”?

Motivational

What perspective on how stereotypes arise “traces origins of stereotyping to same processes that enable people to categorize things into distinct classes”?

Cognitive

True or false: People use stereotypes more when their mental energy is high

False

What is the tendency for people to assume within-group similarity is much stronger for outgroups than ingroups?

Perceived outgroup homogeneity effect

What is defined as “pairing 2 different events that stand out even more because they occur together”?

Paired distinctiveness

What is defined as “people act toward members of certain groups in ways that encourage the very behaviour they expect to see from those groups”?

Self-fulfilling prophecies

What is defined as “explaining away expectations to a given stereotype by creating a subcategory of the stereotyped group that can be expected to differ from the group as a whole”?

Subtyping

Sexist men who believe women are passive are likely to categorize assertive women as “militant” feminists, leaving their stereotype of women largely intact is an example of what?

Subtyping

Ingroup negative actions are described how?

Concretely

Outgroup negative actions are described how?

Abstractly

Ingroup positive behaviour is described how?

Abstractly

Outgroup positive behaviour is described how?

Concretely

People use ____ language to elevate their ingroup’s positive and exaggerate outgroup’s negatives

Abstract

People use ____ language to downplay ingroup’s negative and outgroup’s positive

Concrete

What is the priming procedure designed to assess people’s implicit associations to different stimuli?

Affect misattribution procedure

True or false: We can control our system 1 prejudice

False

True or false: Cognitive interventions to prejudice are empirically supported

True

True or false: Emotional interventions for prejudice are not empirically supported

False

What is “the proposition that prejudice can be reduced by putting members of different groups in frequent contact with one another”?

Contact hypothesis

What conditions influence the likelihood of the contact hypothesis (3)?

Equal status, interdependence, and community suppor

When members of different groups come to think of themselves as sharing a common identity

Common humanity

What ideology in prejudice reduction is most effective: mutliculturalism or color-blindness?

Multiculturalism

True or false: Diversity training is effective long-term and for those with previous prejudices

False

What encourages the acknowledgement and appreciation of people’s unique cultural and ethnic identities?

Multiculturalism

What encourages treating others as unique individuals and ignoring cultural/ethnic group differences?

Color-blindness

Minority spotlight effect is a side effect of what?

Multiculturalism

True or false: System 2 contains prejudices we’re aware of and can control

True

Attitudes associated with what system are measured using the Implicit Association Test?

System 1

What kind of test can help reveal subtle, nonconscious biases we may have?

Implicit Association Test

True or false: Stereotypes are always false

False

If someone compliments a Black man on his athleticism via stereotypes but receives no negative emotions at being stereotyped, but he does take insult to negative stereotypes (e.g., intelligence), this is an example of what?

Benevolent stereotype

What is the idea marked by protectiveness/affection toward woman who embrace conventional roles that coexists with hostile sexism?

Benevolent sexis

True or false: Hostile sexism is more harmful than benevolent sexism?

Fals

What theory assumed societies are hierarchal and contain systemic inequality among certain groups?

Social dominance theory

Hierarchies in social dominance theory are based on what (3)?

Age, gender, and “arbitrary set”

What is the goal of social dominance theory (2)?

Explain group inequalities and intergroup relations

How are hierarchies maintained (3)?

Individual discrimination, institutional discrimination, and behavioural asymmetries based on status

Applying human qualities to nonhuman entities

Anthropomorphism

Conviction that someone lacks the complex emotions and agency that are characteristics of humanity

Dehumanization

What part of the brain is associated with social cognition?

Medial prefrontal cortex

What is the name of the theory that explains why White people feel they’re being “replaced” by non-White people from around the world?

Great replacement theory

Hiring bias is an example of what type of discrimination?

Individual discrimination

People engaging in actions that harm members of certain groups

Acts of commission

Dominant group members acting to preserve their advantage over others is an example of what type of discrimination?

Individual discrimination

Systemic inequalities are an example of what type of discrimination?

Institutional discrimination

Laws and social norms maintaining advantages of some groups over others is consistent with what type of discrimination?

Institutional discrimination

What % of Parliament members around the world are men?

75%

Deferring to members of dominant groups but not subordinate groups are an example of what type of discrimination?

Behavioural asymmetries

Self-fulfilling prophecies undermining subordinate group member’s achievements is an example of what type of discrimination?

Behavioural asymmetries

What is the trait preference for intergroup hierarchy and inequality in society?

Social dominance orientation

What are ideologies that make unequal treatment reasonable/desirable?

Legitimizing myths

What is the belief that some people deserve good things more than others do?

Meritocracy

Excusing racism as “some people just don’t have what it takes” is an example of what belief?

Meritocracy

Victim-blaming is an example of what belief?

Just world hypothesis

What is the belief that people get what they deserve in life and there’s no such thing as “fate” or “chance”?

Just world hypothesis

If a group is low in warmth and high in competence, what type of stereotype do they have?

Ambivalent

Groups rated as high in competence but low in warmth are envied or pitied?

Envied

People low in competence but high in warmth are pitied or envied?

Pitied

True or false: the stereotype content model is supported

True

If immigrants came from cooperative country, people assumed they as higher in what?

Warmth

Immigrants from economically successful countries are assumed to higher in what?

Competence

Marginalized groups being uncertain if outcomes are due to their own actions or prejudice?

Attributional ambiguity

The fear that people will confirm to the stereotypes others have about them

Stereotype threat

Stereotypes can be self-fulfilling through which system?

System 1

Aspects of oneself that are public are mentally organized separately from aspects that are private

Divided self

Concealment of sex orientation is associated with what type of stress?

Cardiovascular

What theory explains why dominant groups generally know less about the history of oppression suffered by marginalized groups?

Marley hypothesis

Overestimating your struggles and underestimating your advantages is an example of what?

Privilege blindness

Stereotype threats affect our ____

Self-integrity

True or false: People underestimate their tolerance of racism

True

People with ____ beliefs about personality were more likely to confront prejudice

Malleable

People with ____ beliefs about personality were less likely to speak out against discrimination

Fixed