bsc2011 quiz 3

Which type of green algae are the closest relatives of land plants?

Charophytes

What were the benefits of living in a terrestrial environment for the first land plants?

Bright sunlight, more CO2 in the atmosphere, and nutrient-rich soil at water's edge.

What were the challenges of living in a terrestrial environment for the first land plants?

Relative scarcity of water and lack of structural support against gravity.

What is a gametophyte? Is it haploid or diploid?

A gamete producing plant, it is haploid.

What is a gametangium?

Multicellular structures that produce gametes and are covered by protective tissue.

What is an antheridium?

Male gametangia.

What is an archegonium?

Female gametangia.

Which gametangium produces sperm?

Antheridium.

Which gametangium produces eggs?

Archegonium.

How does the embryo benefit from growing within the tissues of the female parent in bryophytes and seedless vascular plants?

It protects the developing embryo from harsh environmental conditions and provides nutrients.

What is sporophyte? Is it haploid or diploid?

Spore producing plant, it is diploid.

What are sporangia?

Multicellular organs in the sporophyte stage of the plant life cycle.

By which process are spores produced?

Sporangia.

What substance makes spores of bryophytes and seedless vascular plants resistant to drying out?

Polymer sporopollenin.

What are apical meristems and how do they benefit a plant?

Localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots; they increase the plant's exposure to resources.

How does a cuticle facilitate terrestrial life by plants?

Acts as a waterproofing, helping prevent excessive water loss.

How do stomata facilitate terrestrial life by plants?

Allow the exchange of CO2 and O2 between outside air and the plant.

When did land plants first appear on Earth?

470 million years ago.

When did vascular plants first appear on Earth?

425 million years ago.

When did forests first appear on Earth?

360 million years ago.

What is the most ancient group of living vascular plants?

Liverworts.

How did the first forests affect the global climate during the Carboniferous period?

Returned carbon into the atmosphere.

Which type of plant became coal?

Seedless vascular plants.

What are examples of bryophytes?

Liverworts, mosses, hornworts.

What are examples of Lycophytes?

Club mosses, spikemosses, quillworts.

What are examples of Monilophytes?

Ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns.

What are the anatomical differences between bryophytes and Lycophytes?

Bryophytes are nonvascular; Lycophytes are vascular.

What are the anatomical differences between Lycophytes and Monilophytes?

Monilophytes have a common ancestor with seed plants and exhibit leaf complexity.

When did seed-producing plants first appear on Earth?

470 million years ago.

Which vascular plants produce seeds?

Gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Which vascular plants do not produce seeds?

Lycophytes and monilophytes.

What are the 2 major groups of seed-producing plants?

Gymnosperms and angiosperms.

How do seeds differ from spores?

Seeds are an embryo; spores are reproductive cells.

Define extant.

Surviving.

What does 'wort' (as in liverwort or hornwort) mean?

Herb, named for their shape.

Why can the word 'moss' be confusing?

Many believe plants called mosses are not all actual mosses.

Which structures in the true moss life cycle are haploid?

Spore, protonema, gametophyte, antheridium, sperm, egg.

Which structures in the true moss life cycle are diploid?

Archegonium, zygote, sporophyte.

Which is the dominant generation in bryophytes?

Gametophyte.

In bryophytes, how does a sperm travel to an egg?

Swim through water.

Why do most bryophytes live in moist places?

Required a film of water to reach the eggs.

How do rhizoids differ from roots?

Lack specialized conducting cells and do not absorb water/minerals.

Which plants have rhizoids?

Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses.

Which plants have roots?

Vascular plant sporophytes.

Which can grow taller? Bryophyte or seedless vascular plant?

Seedless vascular plant.

Why can a seedless vascular plant grow taller than a bryophyte?

Because it has a well-developed vascular system.

What are the ecological benefits of plants growing tall?

Outcompete short plants and disperse spores farther.

What is xylem?

Conducts most of the water and minerals.

What is phloem?

Cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and organic products.

What is lignin?

Cell walls strengthener.

Which plants have leaves?

Microphyll and megaphyll plants.

Which plants have microphylls and what are microphylls?

Lycophytes; small spine-shaped leaves with a single vascular tissue strand.

Which plants have megaphylls and what are megaphylls?

Vascular plants; leaves with a highly branched vascular system.

What are sporophylls?

Modified leaves that bear sporangia.

What are sori?

Clusters of sporangia produced by sporophylls.

Which is the dominant generation in seedless vascular plants?

Sporophyte.

In seedless vascular plants, how does a sperm travel to an egg?

Swimming through a film of water.

true moss life cycle: spore

haploid

true moss life cycle: proteonema

haploid

true moss life cycle: gametophyte

haploid

true moss life cycle:anthertidium

diploid

true moss life cycle: sperm

haploid

true moss life cycle: zygote

diploid

true moss life cycle: embryo

haploid

true moss life cycle: sporophyte

diploid

fern life cycle: spore

haploid

fern life cycle: gametophyte

haploid

fern life cycle: antheridium

haploid

fern life cycle: archaegonium

haploid

fern life cycle: sperm

haploid

fern life cycle: egg

haploid

fern life cycle: zygote

diploid

fern life cycle: sporophyte

diploid

fern life cycle: sporangium

diploid

According to the fossil record, plants colonized terrestrial habitats _________.

in conjuction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil

About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would have _________.

had non-vascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock

Spores and seeds have basically the same function (dispersal) but are vastly different because

________________.

spores are unicellular, seeds are not

Retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants _________.

allows it to be nourished by the parent plant

 

Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the "embryophytes"?

plantae

Which of the following is true of the life cycle of mosses?

anteridia and archaegonia are produced by gametophytes

chara have to live in?

water

benefits of life on land

Direct sunlight, More CO2, Nutrient-rich soil, Fewer Herbivores (470 million years ago) 

Adaptations that facilitates on land

stomata, apical meristem, dependent embryo, cuticle