AdvancedPathophysiologyExam238pages

What is the primary role of the endocrine glands?

Endocrine glands produce hormones and secrete them directly into surrounding fluids.

What are peptide hormones derived from?

Peptide hormones are derived from proteins and are water soluble.

What is an example of a peptide hormone?

Proinsulin is an example of a peptide hormone.

Where do amine hormones derive from?

Amine hormones are derived from the amino acid tyrosine.

What are two main types of steroid hormones?

Steroid hormones are fat-soluble and derived from cholesterol.

What are the alterations caused by pituitary adenomas?

Pituitary adenomas can cause slow-growing tumors in the pituitary gland, which can be benign, invasive, or carcinomas.

What is the most common hormonally active pituitary adenoma?

Prolactinoma is the most common hormonally active pituitary adenoma.

What causes diabetes insipidus?

Diabetes insipidus is caused by not having enough antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

What symptoms are associated with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)?

Hyponatremia, hypervolemia, and weight gain are symptoms of SIADH.

What role does insulin play in the body?

Insulin is the hormone responsible for fuel storage.

What is the main difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune destruction of beta cells, while type 2 diabetes is mainly caused by obesity and insulin resistance.

What is the Somogyi effect?

The Somogyi effect is hypoglycemia with rebound hyperglycemia, often occurring in people with type 1 diabetes.

What does the thyroid gland produce?

The thyroid gland produces, stores, and releases thyroid hormones on demand.

Define hypothyroidism.

Hypothyroidism is characterized by an underproduction of thyroxine, commonly caused by Hashimoto's disease.

What is the key feature of hyperthyroidism?

Hyperthyroidism involves excessive production of thyroxine, often seen in Graves' disease.

What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

PTH works to increase plasma calcium levels.

What are the signs of Addison's disease?

Signs include low sodium, high potassium, weight loss, hyperpigmentation, and low blood pressure.

What are the primary cells of the immune response?

Lymphocytes are the primary cells responsible for the immune response.

What is the hallmark of infection according to the lecture?

The hallmark of infection is the innate immune response.

What characterizes autoimmune diseases?

Autoimmune diseases involve the immune system attacking the body's own tissues.

What are extoxins and endotoxins?

Exotoxins are produced by gram-positive bacteria and are released outside, while endotoxins are part of gram-negative bacteria's cell wall and are released during lysis.

What happens in the acute inflammatory response?

There is an increase in capillary permeability, leading to redness, pain, swelling, and heat.

What is the main immunologic finding in AIDS?

The major finding in AIDS is a striking decrease in the number of CD4 T cells.

What does dysregulation of cytokines during stress response lead to?

Cytokine dysregulation during stress can lead to the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).

What is the function of cortisol?

Cortisol mobilizes glucose, amino acids, lipids, and fatty acids into the bloodstream.

What are tumor markers?

Tumor markers are substances used in cancer screening and monitoring, including hormones, enzymes, and antibodies.

What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

Active immunity is developed through exposure to an antigen, while passive immunity is acquired through transfer of antibodies.

What is the role of the kidneys in blood pressure regulation?

The kidneys regulate blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, but may fail to excrete sodium properly.

What are the signs of leukemia?

Signs include uncontrolled proliferation of malignant leukocytes and overcrowding of the bone marrow.

What can cause chronic kidney dysfunction?

Chronic kidney dysfunction can be caused by hypertension, diabetes, or inflammatory diseases.

What leads to myocardial infarction?

Myocardial infarction occurs due to the interruption of blood supply, often from a thrombus.

What is hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy characterized by?

Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy is characterized by a thickened septal wall causing outflow obstruction.

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

The cardinal signs of inflammation are redness, pain, swelling, and heat.

What is cachexia?

Cachexia is a syndrome of weight loss and muscle wasting often associated with cancer.

What is the significance of the CD4 T cell count in HIV patients?

HIV turns into AIDS when the CD4 T cell count drops below 200.

What does the term 'neovascularization' refer to?

Neovascularization refers to the formation of new blood vessels, often associated with tumors.

How does cancer develop according to the mutations?

Cancer typically develops following multiple mutations, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.

What does the term 'thrombus' mean?

A thrombus is a blood clot that forms in a vessel and can obstruct blood flow.