Or Bio Exam 1 - (Pt. 2 Descent With Modifications)

What was Aristotle’s theory of evolution?

Species fixed, and unchanging overtime.

How did Lamarck influence Darwin?

Lamarck thought that traits on organism acquires during its lifetime use or disuse of body parts can be passed on to offsprings.

Lamarck theory of evolution example?

• He thought organisms change during their lifetime by using or not using certain body parts, and these acquired traits can be passed to their offspring.

• Ex: Ancestors of giraffes originally had short necks, but they lengthened its neck stretching to reach tree leaves and this trait passed down to new generation. This is wrong BTW.

How did Linnaeus influence Darwin?

Developed hierarchical classification system (pyramid), and binomial nomenclature. Also thought species fixed, unchanging.

Binomial nomenclature - naming species EX: homo sapiens

How did Malthus influence Darwin?

Natural selection. Competition for resources leads to survival of the strongest/fittest individuals.

What is a natural selection?

Natural selection is when living things with helpful traits survive and have more babies, and those traits get passed on. Over time, this makes the species better suited to its environment.

How did Hutton & Lyell influence Darwin?

Hutton and Lyell showed Earth is very old and changes slowly, which helped Darwin realize species could also change slowly over long time.

Biogeography - distribution of species around the world.

How did Cuvier influence Darwin?

Cuvier studied fossils and showed that species could go extinct, which helped Darwin see that life on Earth changes over time.

Fossil record - evidence of extinction and change over time.

Geological change over time by erosion (water and wind).

How did Wallace influenced Darwin?

He had the same idea as Darwin.

DW principle (Darwin and Wallace)?

Organisms with trait that helps them survive and reproduce are likely pass those traits to next generation.

What is a frequency of allele?

How often a certain gene version(allele) show up in a group of organisms in a population.

Definition of evolution in Biology?

genetic makeup of a population over time

Adaptation ?

trait that helps survive and reproduce better.

What is a definition of fitness?

How well an organism survive and reproduce compare to others in its population.

3 components:

1. Survival

2. Mating success

3. number of offspring

What evidences support evolution?

1. Direct observation

2. Homology

3. Fossil record

4. Biogeography

What is a homology?

organisms having similar structure or trait from a common ancestor

Ex: human arm, cat leg both got same bones. And during vertebrate development.

What is a convergent Evolution?

unrelated species develope similar traits because they live in a similar environment.

Ex: Dolphin (mammal), Shark (fish). Both fast and have similar look.

Vestigial structure

are body parts that no longer have a clear function in organism, but used to be useful in its ancestors.

Human tail bone.