Research Exam 1

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Basic Research

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46 Terms

1

Basic Research

Goal is advancement of knowledge for its own sake - we do the research because we like to know the answer

focuses on answering important questions or deciphering laws of nature

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2

Applied Research

Specific problem leads us to look for a specific solution

employs answers to basic questions of further research to practical problems

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3

RP: clinicians have no understanding of the importance of scientific basis

CP: Research does not attend to relevant issues pertaining to day to day needs of clinicians

Researcher’s perspective vs. clinician’s perspective

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4

Research

Gathering information that you need to answer a question or solve a problem

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5
  1. Descriptive

  2. Correlational

  3. Experimental

(survey research)

3 Categories of Research Methods

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6

Descriptive Research (aka. normative or developmental)

Systematically describe situations/events as they naturally occur

change over time (cross-sectional, longitudinal, semilongitudinal)

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7

Exploratory Research

Examines how one event or events relate to other factors

  • Find relationship

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8

Correlational Research (type of exploratory)

Used to determine possible relationships among factors

- 2 variables may be related; one does not cause the other

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9

Experimental Research - Most Powerful

Independent variable is controlled to measure its effect on the dependent variables

used to examine possible cause and effect relationships

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10

Survey Research

Used with other research

The most powerful type of data w/in this research is collected through personal interviews

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11

Manipulation, Control, randomization

Characteristics of experimental research

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12

Variables

Any observation that can take different values

Changes to one item cause something else to vary in a predictable way

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13

Qualitative Variables

Attributes/descriptions

ex. sex of indiv, disorder of indiv, type of clinical management

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14

Quantitative Variables

Number based

ex. IQ, height, age, weight

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15

Discrete Quantitative Variables

Not expressed in decimals or fractions

Ex. number of subjects, number of times treatment administered (25 participants; 20 sessions)

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16

Continuous-quantitative Variables

Expressed in any numerical value including fractions

Ex. subjects age, height, weight data

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17

Dependent variables

Effect of unknown etiologies

“outcome” variable

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18

Independent Variable

Explains the dependent variable

“predictor” variable

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19

Variable: observation that can take diff values (sex/gender)

Attribute: A specific value on a variable (male/female)

Variable vs. Attribute

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20

Extraneous Variables

Any factor not directly related to the purpose of the study, but may affect the dependent variable

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21

Double Blind Studies

Neither subjects or investigators are aware of the identity of treatment groups until after data is collected

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22

Single Blind Studies

Participants do not know the purpose of the study, but the researcher does

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23

Topics

When selecting research, _________ provide a general foundation to determine which area may be researched

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24

Single

A research question is usually answered in a ________ study

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25

Review of literature

Process of narrowing the research question can be facilitated by ____________

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26

PICO

P: Patient/population

I: Intervention/Treatment/exposure

C: comparison

O: outcome

Method for how to make a research question

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27

Null hypothesis

states that there is “no statistically significant difference or relationship” between groups/variables

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28

Working hypothesis

May simply ask a question: “is there a difference/relationship?” between groups/variables

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29

Literature review

An account of what has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers

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30
  • be organized around and related directly to research question

  • Synthesize results into summary

  • Identify areas of controversy

  • Formulate questions

A literature review must…

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31
  1. limit research problem

  2. seek new lines of inquiry (what research has already been done)

  3. gain methodological insights (measurements of variables)

  4. Recommendations for further research

Purpose of a literature review

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32

Textbooks, encyclopedias, review articles

useful bc they combine knowledge from many primary sources into single publication

Types of secondary sources

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33

Meta-analysis

systematic review in which a statistical summary is provided (combining studies about the same problem to determine efficacy)

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34

Peer review

a board of scholarly reviewers in the subject area of the journal, review materials they publish before articles are accepted for publication

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35

a. sample size

b. type of sample

c. geographic area

The sampling procedure should include

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36

Sampling

The process of selecting a sample from the defined population with the intent that the sample accurately represents that population

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37

Population Validity

the extent to which the result of an experiment can be generalized from the sample to a large group of individuals

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38

Simple random sampling

a group of individuals drawn by a procedure in which all the individuals have an equal and independent chance of being selected

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39

Systematic random sampling

Every other person is picked - used if the sample to be selected is very large

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40

Stratified random sampling

A sample selected so that certain subgroups in the population are adequately represented in the sample - from all strata, we take randomly selected individuals

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41

Clustered Sampling

Take all individuals from a randomly selected cluster

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42

Convenient sampling

The researcher selects a sample that suits the purpose of the study

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43
  • correlational research: minimum of 30

  • Causal-comparative: minimum of 15

  • Survey: minimum of 100

Minimum #s for selecting a sample size

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44
  1. subgroup analysis

  2. Attrition (observing participants over many years)

  3. Reliability of measures (consistency)

3 factors you need to consider in determining sample size

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45

Reliability

The consistency of a measure - getting same results repeatedly

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46

generally…

  • better educated

  • higher social class

  • more sociable

  • more females than males

Characteristics of research volunteers

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