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Era of Good Feelings
- Describing era of James Monroe's presidency which was filled by spirit of optimism, nationalism, & goodwill
- Feds faded into oblivion & Monroe's party, Dem-Repubs, adopted some of their policies and dominated politics
- Hwvr, ppl had heated debates over tariffs, national bank, internal improvements, & public land sales
Sectionalist tension inc.
Antagonistic factions within Dem-Repubs, and they would soon split into two
- Actual period of "good feelings" prob only lasted from election of 1816 to Panic of 1819
James Monroe
- Fought in Rev War & suffered thru Valley Forge winter
- Prominent in VA politics & served as Jefferson's minister to Britain and Madison's secretary of state
- 1816 election-> overwhelmingly defeated Fed Rufus King
- 1820 election-> Feds basically vanished, Monroe received every electoral vote except one
Examples of Economic Nationalism During Era of Good Feelings
- One outgrowth of War of 1812 = political movement to support growth of nation's economy
- Subsidizing internal improvements (building roads & canals)
- Protecting budding US industries from Euro competition
- Tariff of 1816
- Henry Clay’s American System
Tariff of 1816
- Before War of 1812 -> Cong levied low tariffs on imports as method of raising gov't revenue
- Then, during war, manufacturers erected many factories to supply goods that were prev. imported from Brit
- Not in peacetime -> Amer manufacturers feared that Brit goods would be dumped on Amer markets & take away much of their business
- Cong raised tariffs for express purpose of protecting US manufacturers from comp rather than to simply raise revenue
- 1st protective tariff in US history
Who supported/opposed the Tariff of 1816?
- NE, which had little manufacturing at the time, was the only section to oppose higher tariffs
- Even South & West, which generally opposed tariffs in past and would in future, supported 1816 tariff b/c believed it was needed for national prosperity
Henry Clay’s American System (Contents)
- comprehensive method for advancement of nation's economic growth
Protective tariffs
- promote Amer manufacturing & raise revenue to build national transportation system of federally constructed roads & canals (3. Internal improvements)
National bank
- keep system running smoothly by providing national currency
Internal improvements
Implementation of Henry Clay’s American System
- Tariffs would chiefly benefit East, internal improvements would promote growth in the West & South, and bank would aid the economies of all sections
- Two parts of Clay's system alr in place in 1816, the last year of Madison's presidency
- Same yr -> Cong adopted protective tariff & chartered Second Bank of the United States (the charter of the First Bank- Hamilton's brainchild- had been allowed to expire in 1811)
- On the matter of internal improvements -> both Madison & Monroe objected (Constitution didn't explicitly provide for the spending of fed $$ on roads & canals)
- Throughout presidency, Monroe consistently vetoed acts of Cong providing funds for road-building & canal-building projects
- Thus, indiv states left to make internal improvements on their own
The Panic of 1819
- 1st major financial panic since Constitution had been ratified
- Occurred after Second Bank of the US tightened credit in effort to control inflation
- Many state banks closed; unemployment, bankruptcies, & imprisonment for debt inc sharply
- Depression hit the west hardest, where many ppl in debt bc speculated on land during the euphoria after the War of 1812
1819 -> Bank of US foreclosed on large amts of western farmland
- As a result of bank panic & depression, nationalistic beliefs were shaken
- In the West, economic crisis changed many voters' political outlook
Westerners began calling for land reform & expressing strong opposition to both the national & debtors' prisons
Fate of Federalist Party in the Era of Good Feelings
- Fed party declined rapidly bc failed to adapt as nation grew
- After opposing War of 1812 & leading secessionist convention @ Hartford, the party seemed out of step w/ nationalistic temper of the time
- After its crushing defeat in 1816 election, it ceased to be a national party & failed to nominate a presidential candidate in 1820
Changes in the Democratic-Republican Party in the Era of Good Feelings
- Dem-Repubs, only remaining national party, faced serious internal strains as it adjusted to changing times
Members such as John Randolph clung to the old party ideals of limited gov't & strict interpretation of Constitution
Most members, hwvr, adopted what had once been Fed ideas, e.g. maintaining large army/navy and supporting a national bank
Some members reversed their views from one decade to the next
Ex. Daniel Webster of MA strongly opposed both the tariffs of 1816 & 1824, but then supported even higher tariff rates in 1828
John C Calhoun -> another Dem-Repub leader who reversed politics when the outspoken warhawk & nationalist supported states' rights after 1828
- Political factions & sectional differences became more intense during Monroe's 2nd term
- When Monroe, honoring two-term tradition, declined to be candidate again, 4 other Dem-Repubs sought election as prez in 1824
Reasons for Westward Movement
- Acquisition of Lands
- Economic Pressures
- Improved Transportation
- Immigrants
Acquisition of Land (Reason for Westward Movement)
Military victories under Gen. William Henry Harrison in Indiana Territory & Andrew Jackson in FL and the South over Amer Indians opened vast new territories for White settlers
Economic Pressures (Reason for Westward Movement)
- Economic difficulties in Northeast from the embargo & war caused ppl from this region to seek new future across Appalachians
- In South, tobacco planters needed new land to replace soul exhausted by years of poor farming methods
They found good land for planting cotton in Alabama, Mississippi, & Arkansas
Improved Transportation (Reasons for Westward Movement)
Pioneers had an easier time reaching the frontier as result of building roads & canals, steamboats, and railroads
Immigrants (Reasons for Westward Movement)
More Euros were attracted to Amer by speculators offering cheap land in Great Lakes region & valleys of the Ohio, Cumberland, & Mississippi Rvrs
New Questions & Issues as Expanding Westward (Monroe Presidency)
- Despite their rapid growth -> new states of the West were small relative to those of the other two sections
- To enhance their limited political influence in Cong -> western reps bargained w/ politicians from other sections
- Hwvr, on critical issue of slavery, westerners disagreed over permitting it
- Those settling territory in south wanting slavery for economic reasons (labor for cotton fields)
- In contrast, those in north had no use for slavery
- 1819, when Missouri Territory applied to Cong for statehood-> slavery issue became subject of angry debate
Primary Concerns of Western Representatives (Monroe’s Presidency)
"cheap money" (easy credit) from state banks rather than from the Bank of the US
Low prices for land sold by fed gov't
Improved transportations
- Hwvr, on critical issue of slavery, westerners disagreed over permitting it
Balance of States on Congress Prior to Missouri Compromise
- Ever since 1791-2, when VT & KY entered as free state & slave state respectively-> Cong attempted to preserve sectional balance btwn North & South
- Keeping balance in House of Reps difficult b/c population in North was growing more rapidly than in South
- 1818 -> Northern states held 105 to 81 majority in House
- Hwvr, in Senate, votes remained divided evenly: 11 slave & 11 free states
- As long as balance was preserved -> southern states could block legislation that they believed threatened interests of their section
Rise of Missouri Question
- Missouri's bid for statehood alarmed North bc slavery = well established there
- If Missouri came as slave state, it would tip political balance in South's favor
- Plus, Missouri = 1st part of the LA Purchase to apply for statehood
- Southerners & Northerners both worried abt future states of other new territories applying for statehood from the rest of vast LA purchase
Tallmadge Amendment
- Representative James Tallmadge from NY ignited debate abt Missouri question by proposing amendment to the bill for Missouri's admission
Prohibiting further intro of slaves into Missouri
Requiring children of Missouri slaves to be emancipated at age of 25
- If adopted -> Tallmadge Amendment would have led to gradual elimination of slavery in Missouri
- Amendment was defeated in Senate as enraged southerners saw it as the first step in northern effort to abolish slavery
Clay’s Proposals (Missouri Compromise)
- After months of heated debate in Cong & throughout nation -> Henry Clay won majority support for 3 bills that, taken together, represented compromise
Admit Missouri as a slave state
Admit Maine as a free state
Prohibit slavery in the rest of the LA territory north of the latitude 36deg30'
- Both houses passed the bills, & Prez Monroe added his signature in March 1820 to what became known as Missouri Compromise
Impact of Missouri Compromise
- Sectional feelings on slavery subsided after 1820
- Missouri compromise preserved sectional balance for more than 30 yrs & provided time for nation to mature
- Nevertheless, if an era of good feeling existed, it was badly damaged by storm of section controversy over Missouri
- After political crisis, Amers were torn btwn feelings of nationalism (loyalty to Union) and feelings to sectionalism (loyalty to one's own region) on the other
Foreign Affairs Post-War of 1812 (Monroe)
- Following War of 1812 -> US adopted more aggressive, nationalistic approach in foreign affairs
- During Madison's presidency, when probs w/ Barbary pirates again developed -> fleet under Stephen Decatur was sent in 1815 to forced rulers for North Afr to allowed Amer shipping the free use of Mediterranean
- Prez Monroe & Secretary of State John Quincy Adams cont to follow nationalistic policy that actively advanced Amer interests while maintaining peace
Foreign Affairs with Canada (Monroe)
- Treaty of Ghent ended war, but left unresolved many diplomatic differences, including Canada
- Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)
- Treaty of 1818
Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)
- Monroe's 1st yr as prez -> Brit & Amer negotiators agreed to this major disarmament pact
- Strictly limited naval armament on Great Lakes
- In time, agreement extended to place limits on border fortifications too
- Ultimately, border btwn US & Canada was the become largest unfortified border in world
Treaty of 1818
- Improved relations btwn US & Brit cont in this treaty that stated
Shared fishing rights off coast of Newfoundland
Joint occupation of Oregon Territory for 10 yrs
Settling for northern limits of LA Territory at 49th parallel, thus est western US-Canada boundary line
Foreign Affairs with Florida (Monroe)
- During War of 1812 -> US troops occupied western FL, a strip of land on Gulf of Mexico extending all the way to MS Delta
- Previously -> land held by Spain, Brit's ally
- After war, Spain had difficulty governing rest of FL (peninsula itself) bc its troops had been removed from FL to battle revolts in South Amer colonies
- Permitted groups of Seminoles, runaway slaves, & White outlaws to conduct raids into US territory & retreat to safety across FL border
- These disorders gave Monroe & General Andrew Jackson an opportunity to take military action in Spanish FL, a territory long coveted by Amer expansionists
- Jackson's Military Campaign
- Florida Purchase Treaty / Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
Jackson’s Military Campaign in Florida
- Late 1817 -> president commissioned General Jackson to stop raiders & if necessary pursue them across border into Spanish west FL
- Jackson carried out orders w/ vengeance & prob went beyond his instructions
- 1818 -> led fierce of militia into FL, destroyed Seminole villages, & hanged 2 Seminole thiefs
- Capturing Pensacola, Jackson drove out Spanish governor & hanged 2 Brit traders accused of aiding Seminoles
- Many members of Cong feared that Jackson's overzealousness would precipitate war w both Spain & Brit
- Hwvr, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams persuaded Monroe to support Jackson, & Brits decided not to intervene
Florida Purchase Treaty / Adams-Onis Treaty
- Spain, worried that US would seize FL & preoccupied w/ troubles in Latin Amer, decided to turn over all its possession in FL & its own claims in Oregon Territory to US
- In exchange, US agreed to assume &5 million in claims against Spain & gave up any US territorial claims to Spanish province of TX
Pretext for Monroe Doctrine
- Although focused on its own growth -> US didn't ignore ambitions of Euro & Western Hemisphere
- Restoration of number of monarchies in Euro after fall of Napoleon in 1815 produced backlash against republican movements
Restored monarchies in France, Austria, Prussia, together w/ Russia, worked together to suppress liberal elements in Italy y& Spain
Also considered helping Spain to return to pwr in South Amer, where number of republics had recently declared their independence
- Russia's presence in Alaska worried both Brits & the US
Using their trading posts in Alaska as a base, Russian seal hunters had spread southward & est trading post at San Francisco Bay
British Response to Foreign Threats (Leading up to Monroe Doctrine)
- Brit & US leaders decided they had common interest in protecting North & South Amer from possible aggression by Euro pwrs
- British Initiative
Brit naval pwr deterred Spanish from attempting comeback in Latin Amer
But to maintain Brit trade w/ Latin Amer Repubs required diplomacy
- Brit Foreign Secretary George Canning proposed to Richard Rush, US minister in London, a joint Anglo-Amer warning to Euro pwrs not to intervene in South Amer
American Response to Foreign Threats (Leading up to Monroe Doctrine)
- Monroe & most of his advisors thought that Canning's idea of joint declaration made sense
- Hwvr, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams disagreed
- Believed joint action w/ Brit would restrict US opportunities for further expansion in hemisphere
If US acted alone, Brit could be counted upon to stand behind the US policy
No Euro pwr would risk going to war in Southern Amer, and if it did, the Brit navy would surely defeat the aggressor
- Prez Monroe decided to act as Adams had advised -> issued statement to world that did not have Brit as a coauthor
- The Doctrine
Monroe Doctrine
- In annual message to Cong, a declaration of US policy toward Euro & Latin Amer
- Asserted principle in which the rights & interests of the US are involved, that the Amer continents, but the free & independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered subjects for future colonization by any Euro pwrs
- Declared further that the US opposed attempts by a Euro pwr to interfere in affairs of any republic in Western Hemisphere
Impact of Monroe Doctrine
- Monroe's bold words of nationalistic purpose were applauded by Amer public but were soon forgotten as most citizens were concerned w/ domestic issues
- In Brit, Canning annoyed by doctrine bc he recognized that it applied not just to other Euro pwrs but to his country as well
- Brits, too, were warned not to intervene and not to seek territory in Western Hemisphere
- Euro monarchs reacted angrily to Monroe's message
Still, they recognized that their purposes were thwarted not by his words but by might of Brit navy
- Monroe Doctrine had less significance at the time that in later decades, when it would be hailed by politicians & citizens alike as the cornerstone of US policy toward Latin Amer
- In 1840s - Prez James Polk was first of many presidents of justify his foreign policy by referring to Monroe's warning words
Old Northwest
- Old Northwest consisted of 6 states that joined Union before 1860 -> Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, & Minnesota
- These states came from land ceded to national gov't in 1780s by one of original states
- Part of Northwest Ordinance
- Much of old NW -> unsettled frontier
- The part of it that was settled upon the MS Rvr to transport grain to southern markets & the port of New Orleans
- By mid-cent, hwvr, this region became closely tied to other northern states by
Military campaigns by fed troops that drove Amer Indians from land
Building of canals & railroads that est common markets btwn Great Lakes & East Coast
Agriculture in Old North West
- In Old NW -> corn & wheat = very profitable and fed ppl in growing urban areas
- Newly invented steel plow (by John Deere) & mechanical reaper (by Cyprus McCormick) -> farm family was more efficient and could plant more acres, needing to supplement labor w/ only a few hired workers at harvest time
- Part of crop was used to feed cattle & hogs and also to supply distillers and brewers w/ grain for making whiskey and beer
- Farmers shipped grain quickly to cities for avoid spillage
Construciton of Roads
- PA's Lancaster Turnpike, built in 1790s, connected Philly w/ rich farmlands around Lancaster
- Its success stimulated construction of other priv build & relatively short tool roads that, but mid-1820s, connected most of country's major cities
- Despite need for interstate roads, states' rights advocates blocked spending of fed funds on internal improvements
- Construction of highways that crossed state lines was therefore unusual
- Hwvr, one notable exception = National/Cumberland Road
Paved highway & major route to west extending more than 1k miles from MA to Illinois
Used both fed & state money, w// diff states receiving ownership of segments of highway
Construction of Canals
- Completion of Erie Canal in NY = major event in linking economies of western farmers & eastern cities
- Success of canal in stimulating economic growth -> touched off frenzy of canal building
- In little more than a decade, canals joined together at the major lakes & rvrs east of the MS
- Improved transportation meant lwr food prices in the East, more immigrants settling in West, & stronger economic ties btwn the two sections
Development of Steam Engines/Steam Boats
- Revolutionized location of factories
- When factories ran on pwr of moving water, they had to be located on a steam
- Hwvr, steam engine could be set up anywhere – milles,mines, factories
- First widely used in Brit, when came to Amers
- Age of mechanized, steam pwred travel began in 1807 w/ successful voyage up Hudson Rvr in Clermont, steamboat developed by Robert Fulton
- Early steamboats could travel upriver @ speeds of almost 5mph
- Commercially operated steamboat lines soon made round-trip shipping on nation's great rvrs both faster & cheaper
- Hauling freight from Cincinnati to NY went from 7 weeks to just 3
Construction of Railroads
- Even more rapid & reliable links btwn cities
- Early railroads hampered by safety problems, but by 1830s, they were competing directly w/ canals as an alternative method of carrying passengers & freight
- Combination of railroads w/ other major improvements in transportation rapidly changed small western towns like Cleveland, Cincinnati, Detroit, Chicago into boom commercial centers of expanding nation economy
- Linked regions of North & Midwest as ppl in growing cities in MA & NY purchased much needed wheat & corn raised in Ohio, Illinois, and states farther west
- Hwvr, railroads less common in South, which cont to rely on rvrs
Changes in Communication (Market Revolution)
- Changes in transportation brought country close together, but only as fast as ships could sail & horses could run
- 1844 -> inventer Samuel F.B. Morse demonstrate successful telegraph, which transmitted messages along wires almost instantaneously
- As wires were strung around country, often along railroad tracks & later under oceans -> 1st time in human history ppl were able to communicate as fast as electricity could travel
- Suddenly, managers in NYC, gov't officials in Washington DC, & military generals in HQ could direct ppl thousands of miles away more easily than ever
Mechanical Inventions
- Inventors protected by patent laws -> encouraged to invent
- e.g. Eli Whitney, developed cotton gin in 1791 & rifles using interchangeable parts during War of 1812
Before this, parts of rifle were not standardized enough that one could be replaced for another
Under Eli's system, each part could be mass produced and then the parts could be put together to make gun
Vastly inc the efficiency of making guns & other items
Interchangeable parts became basis for mass production methods in new northern factories
Corporations for Raising Capital
- 1811 -> NY passed law that made it easier of business to incorporate & raise capital by selling shares of stock
- Other states followed NY's leader
- Owners of corporations only risked amt of money that they invested in venture
Not personally responsible for losses incurred by corporation
- Changes in state corporation lawes facilitated raising of large sums of capital necessary for building factories, canals & railroads
Factory System
- When Samuel Slater emigrated from Brit, taking info abt factory designs out of country = illegal
- Hwvr, he memorized system & tech used in Brit cotton mills, and he applied these secrets to help est US textile factory in 1791
- Early in next cent, embargo & War of 1812 stimulated domestic manufacturing & protective tariffs enacted by Cong helped new factories prosper
- Early 1820s-> NE emerged as country's leading manufacturing center as result of region's abundant waterpwr for driving new machinery & excellent seaports for shipping goods
- Also, decline of NE's maritime industry made capital available for manufacturing while decline of farming in region yielded ready labor supply
- Other northern states w/ similar resources & probs – NY, NJ, & PA – followed NE's lead
- As factory system expanded, it encouraged growth of financial businesses such as banking & insurance
Labor
- At first -> factory owners had difficulty finding workers for mills
- Factory life couldn't compete w/ lure of cheap land in West
- In response to this difficulty, textile mills in lowell, MA, recruited young farm women & housed them in company dormitories
- 1830s -? Other factories imitate Lowell System
- Many factories also made extensive use of child labor
- Children as young as 7 left home to work in new factories
- Toward middle of cent, northern manufacturers began employing immigrants in larges #s
Unions
- Trade (or craft) unions were organized in major cities as early as 1790s & inc as factory system took hold
- Many skilled workers (shoemakers & weaver, for example) had to seek employment in factories bc their own small shops (crafts system) produced items that could bo longer compete w/ lower-priced, mass-produced goods
- Longs hrs, low pay, & poor working conditions led to widespread discontent among factory workers
- Obstacles to union success, hwvr, were
Immigrant replacement workers
State laws outlawing unions
Frequent economic depressions w/ high unemployment
Commercial Agriculture
- Early 1800s -> farming became more of commercial enterprise & less of a means of providing subsistence for family
- Several factors promoted this switch to cash crops:
Large areas of western land = made available at low prices by fed govt
State banks made acquiring land easier by providing farmers w/ loans @ low interest rates
Initially, western farmers limited to sending products down to Ohio & MS rvrs to southern markets
Development of canals & railroads opened new markets in growing factory cities in East
Cotton and the South
- Throughout 19th cent, principal cash crop in South = cotton
- Cotton gin transformed agriculture of entire region
- Now they could easily separate cotton fiber from seeds -> southern planters found cotton more profitable than tobacco & indigo, the leading crops of colonial period
- Planters invested capital in purchase of enslaved Afr Amers & new land in Alabama & MS
- Cotton industry connected South w/ global economy
- In order to devote all their land to growing cotton -> plantation owners purchased pork, corn & other good from states in Midwest
How did the cotton industry connect the South with other regions?
- Mills in NE & Euro depending on cotton grown by enslaved workers in South
- Shipping firms, banks, & insurance companies in North, especially NYC, prospered thru their roles in transport of cotton
Effects of Market Revolution on Society and Culture
- Wide impact of market revolution resulted from innovations in tech, agriculture & commerce, which affect all grp of ppl in US
- Resulted in development of distinctively Amer culture, inc in religious, fervor, & support for various reform movements
- Specialization in farming, growth of cities industrialization, & development of modern capitalism meant end of self-sufficient households & growing independence among ppl
- These changes combined to bring abt revolution in marketplace
Farmers provided food to feed workers in cities, who in turn provided array of mass-produced goods to farm families
- For most Amers, standard of living inc
- At the same time, hwvr, adapting to impersonal, fast-changing economy presented challenges & probs
Effects of Market Revolution on Women
- As Amer society became more urban/industrialized, nature of work & family changes for women
- No longer worked next to husbands on fam farms
- Women seeking employment in city were usually limited to
Domestic service
Teaching
- Factory jobs, as in Lowell System, weren't common
- Overwhelming majority of working women were single
If married -> left jobs & took up duties in home
- In both urban & rural settings, women were gaining relatively more control over their lives
- As more men worked away from home -> women took on new responsibilities as moral leaders within household, a development k now as the cult of domesticity
- Marriages arranged by one's parents became less common & some women chose to have fewer children
- Nevertheless -> legal restrictions on women remained
e.g. couldn't vote
Economic/Social Mobility During Market Revolution
- Real wages improved for most urban workers in early 1800s, but gap btwn very wealthy & very poor inc
- Social mobility (moving upward in income lvl & social status) occurred from one generation to next, & economic opportunities in US > in Euro
- Extreme ex of poor, hardworking ppl become millionaires, hwvr, were rare
Population Growth During Market Revolution
Pop. Growth provided laborers & consumers required of industrial development
- High birthrate accounted for most of growth, but it was strongly supplemented after 1830 by immigrants arriving from Euro, particularly from Brit & Germany
- Nonwhite population- Afr Amers & Natives- also grew in #
-Hwvr, as % of total population, nonwhites decline almost 20% btwn 1800-25
-Enslaved population steadily inc despite ban on importation of enslaved Afr after 1808
-No other country in Amers had enslaved population inc after slave trade ended
- By 1830s -> Almost 1/3 of population lived west of Alleghenies
- At same time, both old & new urban areas growing rapidly
Immigration During Market Revolution
- After 1832 -> sudden inc immigrants
- Result of:
Development of inexpensive & relatively rapid ocean transportation
Famines & revolutions in Euro that drove ppl from homelands
Growing reputation of US as country offering economic opportunities & political freedom
- Many immigrants remained where they landed (Boston, NY, & Philly) while others traveled to farms and cities of Old NW
- Few journeyed to South, where plantation economy & slavery limited opportunities for free labor
- Immigrants strengthened US economy by providing both steady stream of inexpensive labor & inc demand for mass-produced consumer goods
Urban Life
- North's urban population grew from approx 5% to 15% by 1850
- As a result, slums also expanded
- Crowded housing, poor sanitation, infectious diseases, & high rates of crime soon became characteristic of large working class neighborhoods
- Nevertheless, new opportunities in cities offered by Industrial Rev cont to attract ppl from farming communities (inc both native-born Amers & immigrants from Euro
New Cities During Market Revolution
- At key transportation pts, small towns grew into thriving cities after 180 (Buffalo, Cleveland, detroit, Chicago,Cincinnati, St. Louis)
- These cities were transfer pts, processing farm products for shipment to East & distributing manufactured goods from East to their regions
Organized Labor
- As manufacturing inc important to economy -> goods less important
- For those who could afford them, standard of living improved
- Shift in economy also created small class of ppl, including factory owners & bankers, who were very wealthy & a growing middle class of ppl
- Industrial development meant that large # of ppl who had once earned living as independent farmers & artisans became dependent on wages earned in factory
- W/ common probs of low, pay, long hrs, & unsafe work environment, urban workers in diff cities organized both unions & political parties to protect their interests
- 1st US labor party, founded in Philly 1828, succeeded in electing a few members of city council
- For brief period, in 1830s, inc # of urban worked joined unions & participated in strikes
- Commonwealth v. Hunt
- During 1840s, some state legislatures in North passed laws est 10-hr workday for industrial workers
- Improvement for workers, hwvr, cont to be limited
Commonwealth v. Hunt
- Organized labor achieved one notable victory in 1842
- MA Supreme Court ruled that "peaceful unions" had right to negotiate labor contracts w/ employers
Improvement for workers continued to be limited by…
periodic depressions
Employers & courts that were hostile to unions
Abundant supply of low-wage immigrant labor
Fletcher v. Peck
- Involved land fraud in Georgia
- Marshall concluded that state couldn't pass legislation invalidating a contract
- 1st time Supreme Court declared state law to be unconstitutional & invalid
Martin v. Hunter's Lease (1816)
Supreme Court est that it had jurisdiction over state courts in cases involving constitutional rights
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
Involved law of NH that changed Dartmouth College from a privately chartered college into a public institution
Marshall Court struck down state law as unconstitutional, arguing contract for priv corporation couldn't be altered by state
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
- Maryland attempted to tax the Second Back of the US which was located in MD
- Marshall ruled that state couldn't tax fed institution b/c "pwr to tax = pwr to destroy" & fed laws are supreme over state laws
- Marshall also settled long term debate over constitutionality of national bank
- Loose interpretation of Constitution -> Constitution gave fed gov't implied pwr (not explicitly stated pwr) to create national bank
Cohens v. Virginia (1821)
Pair of brothers name Cohen were convicted in VA of illegally selling tix for lottery authorized by Cong for Washington, DC
- While Marshall & Court upheld conviction, they est principle that Supreme Court could review state court' decision involving any of the pwrs of the fed gov't
Gibbons v. Ogden (1821)
Ruled that NY can't grant steam boat company monopoly b/c unconstitutional -> Marshall est fed gov'ts broad control of interstate commerce
Protective Tariff
NORTH: YES
- Chokes off foreign competition
- NE -> some ppl still backed policies favorable to famers b/c some still were farmer
SOUTH: NO
- Low tariff
- High protective tariff -> raise price of manufactured goods it needed
- Also, might lead to discrimination against Amer cotton in foreign markets
WEST: YES
- supported in hopes that it would expand industrial cities of NE & provide market for Western crops
Second Bank of the US
NORTH: YES
used it to provide sound currency which was necessary for interstate business
SOUTH: NO
- supported state banking
- Planters needed capital for expansion & hated being in debt to Northern banks, wanted to do business w/ banks they could control
WEST: NO
- Western farmer = debtor in need of credit
- preferred easy credit policies of state banks v.s. strict financial practices of National Bank
Internal Improvements at Federal Expense
NORTH: YES
- opens up new markets & sources of raw materials in West
- (Industrial region, so this is beneficial for manufacturing)
SOUTH: NO
- Fine rvr transportation of its own, not interested in constructing roads & canals, particularly since its markets weren't in the West
WEST: YES (overwhelmingly)
- Needed canals & roads to get its goods to market, & couldn't afford to construct them itself
Territorial Expansion
NORTH: no… then YES
- At first -> opposed (might've led to admission of new states & resulted in weakening of Northern influence in Cong)
- Later supported expansion -> could open new markets for its manufactured goods
SOUTH: YES
Favored, especially in territory suited to cotton & slavery (e.g. TX & CA)
WEST: YES
More land to cultivate variety of crops & build economy
Sale of Cheap Public Lands
NORTH: NO
- High priced public lands
- Makes immigration of Eastern workers difficult
SOUTH: YESish
Favored cheap lands but opposed "squatters' rights," (since squatters might keep them off the best lands)
WEST:
- Supported + supported "squatters' rights"
- Would promote rapid settlement & agriculture expansion
Expansion of Slavery into New Territories
NORTH: NO
- industrial, not agrarian
SOUTH: YES
- Cotton production
- Inc demands of Brit cotton holders encouraged planters to extend holdings
WEST: NO
- Generally opposed, specifically those moving from North
Note
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